The Omnipotent View of Management - 1331 Words

Summary The omnipotent view of management says that managers are directly responsible for the success or failure of an organization. This is a dominate view in management theory and society in general. The symbolic view of management takes the view much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside the manager’ control. The view of managers as omnipotent is consistent with the stereotypical picture of the take-charge executive who can overcome any obstacle in carrying out the organization’s objectives. The symbolic view organizational results as being influenced by factors outside the control of managers: economy, customers, governmental policies, competitors’ actions, the state of the particular industry,†¦show more content†¦Discuss the impact of a strong culture on organizations and managers. Explain the source of an organization s culture. Describe how culture is transmitted to employees. Describe how culture affects managers. The seven dimensions (see Exhibit 3-2) are as follows: (1) attention to detail (degree to which employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis, and attention to detail); (2) outcome orientation (degree to which managers focus on results or outcomes rather than on how those outcomes are achieved); (3) people orientation (degree to which management decisions take into account the effects on people in the organization); (4) team orientation (degree to which work is organized around teams rather than individuals); (5) aggressiveness (degree to which employees are aggressive and competitive rather than cooperative); (6) stability (degree to which organizational decisions and actions emphasize maintaining the status quo); and (7) innovation and risk taking (degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and to take risks). Research results are suggesting that in organizations with strong cultures: employees tend to be more committed to their organizations; recruitment efforts and socialization practices are used to build employee commitment; and there is higher organizational performance. The impact of a strong culture on managers is that as the culture becomes stronger, it has anShow MoreRelatedThree Kinds of General Purposes for Performance Management1540 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic demonstrates dialectically whether performance management is omnipotent or not and provides the next step of performance management—performance improvement. Chapter 8 introduced the 6-step process and three kinds of general purposes of performance management. Performance management is central to gaining competitive advantage (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright, 2012, p.341). In this report, the topic states that performance management is a process, not a consequence. And it also says thatRead MoreManaging And Being A Leader Share Similar Traits1487 Words   |  6 Pagesbeing a leader share similar traits, but each of these titles differ in terms of long term efficiency. Leading is one of the four management functions, along with planning, organizing, and controlling. For a manager to reach success, leadership is a critical factor a manager must implement daily. There are two views regarding how a manager enacts leadership. One view, the direct responsibility for an organizations success or failure links directly to the manager, or the organizations success or failureRead MoreThe Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic865 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER SUMMARY – CHAPTER 3 The Manager: Omnipotent or Symbolic âÅ"“ Contrast the actions of managers according to the omnipotent and symbolic views. âÅ"“ Explain the parameters of managerial discretion. According to the omnipotent view, managers are directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure. However, the symbolic view argues that much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside managers’ control. The parameters of managerial discretionRead MoreFriendship1725 Words   |  7 Pagesdignity. These principles guide top management to maintain high moral among employees and ensure greater customer satisfaction. And realize their responsibility towards the environment and society and assume responsibility for their actions and to contribute positively towards the community. These principles would also lead the top  management to embrace diversity as an essential component. Q2) Do you think Howard Schultz views his role more from the omnipotent or from the symbolic perspective? ExplainRead MoreManagement and the Body Shop1476 Words   |  6 PagesManagement and The Body Shop In this paper I will be taking a look at basic management functions. The approaches, and the synthesis of two views of management. I will attempt to take an overview of culture and its effect on a company. In todays changing global environments many companies have joined the open trade policies, and existing foreign opportunities available to growing companies with positive views and socially responsible attitudes. It all sounds like a lot to cover in a short essayRead More Management And The Body Shop Essay1455 Words   |  6 Pages Management and The Body Shop In this paper I will be taking a look at basic management functions. The approaches, and the synthesis of two views of management. I will attempt to take an overview of culture and its effect on a company. In todays changing global environments many companies have joined the open trade policies, and existing foreign opportunities available to growing companies with positive views and socially responsible attitudes. It all sounds like a lot to cover in a short essayRead MoreManagement Theory and Practice: Reading Assessment1519 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Management Theory Practice Chapters 1 2 Reading Assessment 1) A ________ is an example of a first-line manager. A) division manager B) store manager C) regional manager D) shift manager 2) ________ have titles such as executive vice president, chief operating officer, and chief executive officer. A) Team leaders B) Middle managers C) First-line managers D) Top managers 3) ________ involves ensuring that work activities are completed efficiently and effectively by the peopleRead MorePrincipal of Management.Ppt7538 Words   |  31 PagesOrganizational Culture and Environment: The Constraints True/False Questions THE MANAGER: OMNIPOTENT OR SYMBOLIC? 1. In the symbolic view of management, managers are seen as directly responsible for an organization’s success or failure. (False; easy; pp. 58-59) 2. The current dominant assumption in management theory suggests that managers are omnipotent. (True; moderate; p. 58) 3. The view of managers as omnipotent is consistent with the stereotypical picture of the take-charge business executive whoRead MoreA Reinforcement Of Leadership Practices Essay1722 Words   |  7 PagesA reinforcement of leadership practices in the post-bureaucratic era has refined business management sustainability from a monetary model to an environmental ideal. However, immense contribution to business notions has renewed neo-classical principles. Therefore, highlights a â€Å"hybrid† practice of the â€Å"Weberian† ecology and pecuniary â€Å"bureaucratic† advancements. (Clegg and Courpassan 2004: pg.; 527). In this essay, I discuss that post-bureaucratic leadership practices to an extent has contributedRead Moreâ€Å"anti-hierarchy† environment in an organization Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesperformance goals. This dilemma creates a fine line between the phenomenon of â€Å"creative deviance† and simple disregard to â€Å"acceptance theor y of authority†. The lines get blurred and confusion sets in different organizational units without proper management and direction of any creative thinking. Another way to encourage creative deviance is create a contemporary organizational design that inspires it. Team structure, boundaryless structure, matrix-project structure, and learning structure can promote

Reflective Statement Cit Sem1 Free Essays

Reflective Statement CIT Sem1 In the last two years I have had two major transitions, the first was when I transferred from industry into lecturing, finding myself in a college on the one side of the desk. The second was then being enrolled as a student and discovering myself on the other side of the desk. Both steps have taken me very much away from my comfort zone of getting production lines to work, to all the way back to my university days staring at a blank page trying to get my brain to work. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Statement Cit Sem1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first session of the CIT course has gone very quickly with a surprising amount of material covered leaving me with a lot to take on board. Watching someone teach seemed to be a good place to begin, our first opportunity was to watch a video of a Vocational lesson taking place with level 2 and level 3 students, a similar setup to my Engineering TFS class. Reflecting on this lesson, some of the strategies I could take from it were the way the lesson was structured with clear instructions at the start, a variety of activities, using the more experienced students to help the first year students, motivating them and consolidating what they have learned. Peer observation was a good opportunity to see how an experienced teacher within my own college and subject structured their lesson and the techniques they used, it also made me appreciate how difficult it is to formally reflect on someone else’s teaching. The Gardner’s theory of various learning styles of visual, kinaesthetic and auditory showed me that not all activities are going to work for all students, hence the need for variety with in the lesson to stimulate the learner. The introduction to the LLUK and the Domain A professional values and practice was probably the biggest step in the course, where you are asked to plan the learning by creating schemes of work and detailed lesson plans. â€Å"Fail to Plan, Plan to Fail†. This was then broken down further in the Domain D where the individual needs of the students being taught had to be considered. This was put into practice, first in a group activity, were a scheme of work was designed and lesson plan extracted from it. This gave a good opportunity to coordinate or efforts as a group and presents our work to the rest of the class. The second opportunity to do this and receive feed back was during the first class observation which allowed us show progression within our teaching and start putting in practice what had been learned so far. Teachers and the Law, was a useful reminder of the responsibility we have as teacher within the class room, that we have a duty of care towards the learner, especially when they are under 18. Not only is it a legal obligation, but it is set out as a contractual duty of care also covered in the LLUK in Domain A and our signed contract of employment. The most inspirational part of the course to date would be the Behaviour Management presentation, which served to confront the teacher’s fear of the disruptive class or impossible child. Developing positive relationships with the students seems to be at the heart of this topic, which in some cases could be time consuming and hard work, but inevitably rewarding. Key skills in achieving good classroom management are rewarding the student with constructive praise, giving clear instruction and introducing novel stimuli and humour to create a stress free environment. In addition to the presentation on Behaviour management, I have been able to sign up to the Behaviour Needs mini course and receive some very useful materials and tools that have help with my class room management to try an make it a more stimulating learning experience. Domain BK1. 2 Probably the most nerve wrecking experience of the first session, more so than the lesson observation was the Micro Teaching activity. Looking back, it was actually enjoyable and worthwhile when you could see yourself in the playback, and identify the type of teacher you are, again laid out in Domain BK2. 6 which ask you to evaluate your own practice. This gives me the opportunity not just to suit lessons to fit the learner but also my own teaching style. The exercise made me really think of what goes into the different stages of a lesson, i. e. the BEM principle. â€Å"The view is that we learn more in the first 12 minutes and the last 8 minutes of a lesson† (Duckett. I and Tatarkowski. M; 2005,27), taking that into consideration we should have 3 BEM’s in a typical lesson. The function of a good opening is â€Å"To induce in participants a state of readiness appropriate to the task to follow, through establishing rapport, arousing motivation and gaining attention† ( Hargie. O and Dickson. D 2004,262). Setting out the objectives, displaying them for the students to see, so they know what the expectations of the lesson will be has now become a fundamental part of my teaching. Before we looked into Blooms taxonomy, I thought there were just questions and answers, now I am aware of effective questioning on so many different levels. In the past I have used questioning considerably within my lesson, but would like to develop this skill so that it can be more â€Å"effective†. Conclusion. Experiencing teaching for only one year, with no formal training, was a huge challenge, but one which I felt I dealt with to best of my abilities. The course so far, has enhanced my teaching abilities, which should make me a more reflective teacher willing to try new strategies and learning from want can go wrong in a class and maximising on what went right. (958) References: Duckett,I. and Tatarkowski, M. , 2005. Practical strategies for learning and teaching on vocational programmes. London: Learning and Skills Development Agency, p. 27. Hargie, O. and Dickson, D. 2004. Skilled Interpersonal Communication. 4th ed. London: Routledge, p. 262. How to cite Reflective Statement Cit Sem1, Essays

Punishment and Penal Policy In Australia †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Punishment and Penal Policy. Answer: Introduction In Australia, the indigenous community is facing serious issues based on discrimination and prejudice from the society. The incarceration rates of Aboriginal people are significantly high in Australia. Most of the indigenous jails face problems in prisons such as murder, sexual harassment, discrimination, and mental health issues. The number of young aboriginal juvenile prisoners is also considerably high as compared to non-indigenous people. The total population of indigenous people in Australia makes about 3 percent of the national population, but in case of prisoners population, they make about 27 percent, as of 2016. The rates of indigenous inmates are increasing every year which constitutes a significant problem for the aboriginal community. This report will focus on analysing the present difficulties of aboriginal incarcerations in Australia. Further, the report will evaluate the reason for the problems of indigenous incarceration and provide recommendations to avoid such issue s. Indigenous Community The indigenous people of Australia are aboriginal and islanders which existed in Australia before British colonisation. As of 2016, there are around 649,171 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders people in Australia, which makes about 2.8 present of the total national population. The indigenous community faces various social problems in Australia such as low average life expectancy rate, physical violence with women, huge unemployment rates, disability, and discrimination on multiple levels. Indigenous Incarceration Problems The national imprisonment rate is a critical problem for aboriginal peoples; the rate of native prisoners is considerably higher than non-indigenous peoples. The rate of women and young native prisoners is also higher than non-indigenous peoples. Other than high prisoners rates, the aboriginal people face discrimination and prejudice in the jails as well. Following are few issues meet by indigenous people regarding incarceration. High Imprisonment Rates The national rate of indigenous people is considerably high; they have already crossed the prison rate of black people in the United States of America. As per the research conducted by Chua and Foley (2014, p.138) over indigenous incarceration, the incarcerations rates are a significant problem for the aboriginal community. The study of Australian Institute of Health and Welfare provided that the level of indigenous over-representation between youths have augmented 26 to 31 times in between 2009 and 2013 (Weatherburn 2014, p.1). Following is the rate of incarceration in Australian prisons as of 2016: The indigenous community contributes to about 2.8 percent in the Australian population yet around 27.3 percent of prisoners in Australian jails are aboriginals. The rate of women indigenous prisoners is around 34.3 percent. Around 48 percent of juveniles prisoners are aboriginal peoples The rate of imprisonment for indigenous women has raised more than 58.6 percent in between 2000 and 2010. The rate of incarceration for non-indigenous women has increased by 22.4 percent. The rate of incarceration for aboriginal men has increased by 35.2 percent in between 2000 and 2010. The non-aboriginal men incarceration rate has risen by 3.6 percent. There are around 14.8 factors through which increases the incarceration rate of Aboriginal people throughout Australia. The indigenous people are more likely to be incarcerated by the police than compared to non-indigenous peoples. Every year the incarceration rate of aboriginal people increased, since 2004, the number of indigenous prisoners has risen by 88 percent. The percentage of non-indigenous prisoners has increased by 28 percent. Death in Prison As per Hunter (2007, pp.88-93), one in every five aboriginal person has lost a parent due to death in incarceration; the rate of death for native people in prisons is higher than non-indigenous peoples. The high number of aboriginal prisoners has doubled their risk of death in prisons. The Australian government appointed a Royal Commission to analyse the deaths of indigenous people in prisons and factors which contribute to such deaths such as social, cultural and legal problems. During their four-year course, the commission invested more than 99 indigenous deaths that occurred during the incarceration. Since the royal commission appointment, there have been more than 365 deaths of aboriginal peoples either in prison or police custody. In past 15 years, the indigenous people are more likely to be died in prison than compared to non-indigenous peoples. The prison death rates for aboriginal peoples have doubled from 14 percent at the time of royal commission. Paperless Arrest In the northern territory of Australia, the high court has provided the provision of paperless arrests. The section 123 of the Police Administration Act provides that a member of police has right to arrest any person without any warrant or document and take them into custody if they have a reason to believe that such person is committing or has committed any offense. As per Cunneen (2001), the paperless regulation has been misused by many members of the police to arrest the aboriginal people. In northern territory, more than 85 percent of prisoners are indigenous, and the rate of death is also considerably higher for them. The Human Right Law Centre provided a press release on the matter which provided that police arrested more than 2000 people under these regulations, and more than 80 percent of such people were aboriginal. Youth Imprisonment Around 50 percent of the juvenile prison population in Australia is comprised aboriginal youths. The rate of indigenous juvenile incarceration has increased rapidly, with an average 34 young native people in 10,000 are in prison, as compared to non-indigenous it is 1.3 per 10,000. The Torres Strait Islander youth are 26 times more imprisoned as compared to non-indigenous youth. In case of a northern territory, 97 percent of juvenile prisoners are aboriginal, and islanders, the average age for indigenous youth to be imprisoned is 15 to 16 (Jacups and Rogerson 2015, pp.117-124). Reason for Indigenous Incarceration Following are few key drivers who contribute to the increasing rate of incarceration for aboriginal peoples in Australia. Education The lack of educational facilities and attainment for aboriginal people are directly linked to various issues such as poor behaviour, offenses, and incarceration. As per Pedersen et al. (2004, pp.233-249), in Australia, the indigenous people are half as likely to complete their 12th year as non-aboriginal people, the performance of aboriginal people are also below as compared to non-indigenous people. The native people who have completed their studies are 14 percent less likely to be incarcerated by the police. Employment More than half of the first time indigenous offenders are unemployed at the time of arrest; the aboriginal prisoners are 1.5 times more likely to be unemployed 30 days before their arrest. According to Sutton (2009), more than 21 percent of indigenous adults were unemployed in 2015 as compared to 6 percent of non-indigenous people unemployment. The employed aboriginal people are 20 times less likely to be incarcerated by the police. Disability As per Krieg (2006, p.534), Aboriginal people are 1.7 times more likely to have a disability than compared to non-indigenous people; the disability includes mental health issues such as brain injury and depression. Disable aboriginal people face more police contact than non-indigenous counterparts. Foetal Alcohol Syndrome Disorder is one of the primary reasons for indigenous incarceration. Substance Abuse The study of PwC (2017) provided that at the time of aboriginal people arrest, they are 1.5 -3.8 times more likely to be used drug or alcohol. More than 90 percent of indigenous prisoners have linked their crimes to substance abuse. More than 68 percent of aboriginal prisoners have tested positive for the use of drugs and alcohol. Social Exclusion and Racism As per Zubrick et al. (2010,pp.75-90), more than 46 percent of aboriginal people experience some racial prejudice which leads to adverse mental health issues. The material poverty and lack of necessary social requirements are directly linked to the native people incarceration. In case of non-metro parts of Australia, the rate of racial discrimination increases substantially; the racism adversely influences factors such as payroll, court attendance, and sentence. Housing More than 25 percent of Australian prisoners were homeless in 2015; aboriginal prisoners are more likely to be homeless than non-indigenous prisoners. The houses of non-indigenous people larger and has more facilities than compared to aboriginals homes. Inadequate housing facilities adversely affect the health of native people which is a cause of incarceration. Recommendations Following are few suggestions which can improve the incarceration situation of aboriginal peoples: Strict Government regulations regarding the protection of indigenous rights. The government should dismiss laws such as paperless arrest or make rules to avoid misusing of such acts against native peoples (Young and Solonec 2011, p.15). Providing better facilities such as educational, housing, employment, and protection against racism can improve the social status of aboriginal peoples which reduces the rate of incarceration (Poate 2017). Proper guidance should be provided in school to stop young indigenous people from commenting any crime or substance abuse. Improving the status and lifestyle of youth can assist in the reduction of native incarceration and promote their development. Conclusion In conclusion, the rate of indigenous incarcerations is significantly high in Australia which causes several problems, such as a death in prison, the high juvenile rate of arrest and low development. There are several reasons which contribute to the high rate of aboriginal incarcerate such as illiteracy, racism, less housing facilities, unemployment, and disability. To reduce the rate of indigenous incarceration and improve the status of native peoples, it is necessary that government implement strict regulations for their rights and provide them better facilities for development. References Chua, S.X.Y. and Foley, T. 2014. Implementing restorative justice to address indigenous youth recidivism and over-incarceration in the act: Navigating law reform dynamics.AILR,18, p.138. Cunneen, C. 2001. Conflict, politics and crime: Aboriginal communities and the police. Hunter, E. 2007. Disadvantage and discontent: A review of issues relevant to the mental health of rural and remote Indigenous Australians.Australian Journal of Rural Health,15(2), pp.88-93. Jacups, S. and Rogerson, B. 2015. Lifetime influences for cannabis cessation in male incarcerated Indigenous Australians.Journal of psychoactive drugs,47(2), pp.117-124. Krieg, A.S. 2006. Aboriginal incarceration: health and social impacts.Medical Journal of Australia,184(10), p.534. Pedersen, A., Beven, J., Walker, I. and Griffiths, B. 2004. Attitudes toward indigenous Australians: The role of empathy and guilt.Journal of community applied social psychology,14(4), pp.233-249. Poate, S. 2017. Solution to reduce indigenous prisoners in jails. Northern Star. Accessed October 15, 2017. https://www.northernstar.com.au/news/solution-to-reduce-indigenous-prisoners-in-jails/3199773/. PwC. 2017. Indigenous incarceration: Unlock the facts. [PDF file]. PwC Indigenous Consulting. Accessed October 15, 2017. https://www.pwc.com.au/indigenous-consulting/assets/indigenous-incarceration-may17.pdf. Sutton, P. 2009.The politics of suffering: Indigenous Australia and the end of the liberal consensus. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. Weatherburn, D. 2014. The problem of indigenous over-representation in prison.Arresting incarceration: Pathways out of Indigenous imprisonment, p.1. Young, W.R. and Solonec, T. 2011. Epidemic incarceration and justice reinvestment it's time for change.Indigenous Law Bulletin,7(26), p.15. Zubrick, S.R., Dudgeon, P., Gee, G., Glaskin, B., Kelly, K., Paradies, Y., Scrine, C. and Walker, R. 2010. Social determinants of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing.Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice, pp.75-90.

The Water Cycle Essay Example For Students

The Water Cycle Essay Title of Paper : CyclesGrade Received on Report : 100The movement of water from the atmosphere to the Earth and back to the atmosphere is called the water cycle. The water cycle consists of an alternation of evaporation and condensation. Water molecules enter the air by evaporation from the ocean and other bodies of water. In the air, the water molecules condense (in clouds) and then return to the Earth in the form of precipitation (rain). On land, most of the rainwater runs along the surface of the ground until it enters a river or stream that carries it to a larger body of water. Some water sinks into the ground and is called ground water. The upper surface of ground water is known as the water table. We will write a custom essay on The Water Cycle specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Nitrogen CycleAll organisms require nitrogen to build proteins. Nitrogen is available to organisms in several ways. Free nitrogen gas makes up 78 percent of the atmosphere.Nitrogen is also found in the wastes produced by many organisms and in dead and decaying organisms. The movement of nitrogen through the biosphere is called the nitrogen cycle. However, most of this nitrogen cannot be directly used by living things. It must be converted into other forms. Certain bacteria that live on roots of plants such as legumes (beans, peas, and peanuts) change free nitrogen atmosphere into nitrogen compounds (nitrates and nitrites) that can be used by living things. this process is known as nitrogen fixation, and the bacteria are called nitrifying bacteria. Once the nitrogen compounds are available, plants use them to make plant proteins. Animals then eat the plants and use the proteins to make animal proteins. When the plants and animals die, the nitrogen compounds return to the soil. Eventually other bacteria in the soil break down these nitrogen compounds into free nitrogen in a process called denitrification. These bacteria are called denitrifying bacteria. Through the process of denitrification, free nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere. Carbon and Oxygen CyclesThe process by which carbon is moved through the environment is called the carbon cycle. During photosynthesis, green plants and algae use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to form glucose. Consumers and decomposers use glucose in respiration, during which they produce carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is then released into the atmosphere, completing the carbon cycle. The movement of oxygen through the environment is called the oxygen cycle. During photosynthesis, water molecules are split, releasing oxygen into the atmosphere. The oxygen is used by most organisms for respiration. During respiration, water is released. The water is absorbed by plants, and the cycle begins again.

The Gushi Kingdom - Steppe Societies in Turpan, China

The Gushi Kingdom - Steppe Societies in Turpan, China The people of the Gushi Kingdom, referred to in the  archaeological literature as the Subeixi culture, were the first permanent residents of the arid land-locked region called the Turpan basin of Xinjiang Province of western China, beginning about 3,000 years ago. The Turpan basin suffers from extreme temperatures, ranging between -27 and 32 degrees Celsius (-16 to 89 degrees Fahrenheit; within it lies the Turpan oasis, created and maintained by a massive qanat system, built long after the Subeixi had been conquered. Eventually, over the span of 1,000 years or so, the Subeixi developed into an agro-pastoral society, with wide-ranging contacts across Asia; this later Subeixi is believed to represent the Cheshi (Chà ¼-shih) state reported in historical Chinese records as having battled and lost against the Western Han. Who Were the Subeixi? The Subeixi were one of several Bronze Age Eurasian steppe societies who roamed the vast central steppes and built and maintained the trade network known as the Silk Road. Subeixi weaponry, horse euipment and garments are said to be similar to those of the Pazyryk culture, suggesting contacts between Subeixi and Scythians of the Altai mountains in Turkey. Astoundingly well-preserved human remains found in Subeixi culture tombs show that the people had fair hair and caucasian physical characteristics, and recent research maintains that there were historical and linguistic ties to the ancient Scythians or Rouzhi people. The Subeixi inhabited the Turpan basin between ca 1250 BC and 100 AD  when they were conquered by the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC-9 AD) who were eager to expand their control over the Silk Road trade system. Crops and Houses of the Gushi Kingdom The earliest Subeixi settlers were pastoralist nomads, who herded sheep, goats, cattle and horses. Beginning about 850 BC, the nomads began to grow domesticated cereals like bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum) and naked barley (Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste). Two small settlement sites have been identified within the Turpan basin at Subeixi and Yuergou, which have not been extensively published in English as of yet. Three houses were found at Subiexi, and excavated in the 1980s. Each house contained three rooms; House 1 was the best preserved. It was rectangular, measuring 13.6x8.1 meters (44.6x26.6 feet). In the western room, an oblong trough near the west wall may have functioned as an animal byre. The middle room contained a hearth on the east side. The eastern room was dedicated to a pottery workshop, with a kiln, two rectangular shallow tanks, and three large pits. Artifacts recovered from this house included pottery and stone tools, including 23 grindstones and 15 pestles. Radiocarbon dates on the site returned calibrated dates between 2220-2420 cal BP, or about 500-300 BC. Yuergou was discovered in 2008. It included five stone houses with roughly circular rooms, and several free-standing walls, all made of enormous boulders. The largest of the houses at Yuergou had four rooms, and organic materials within the site were carbon dated and ranged in age between 200-760 cal BC. The later, farming Subeixi grew cannabis, used both for its fiber and for its psychoactive properties. A cache of caper seeds (Capparis spinosa) mixed with cannabis was recovered from what scholars have interpreted as a shamans tomb at Yanghai, who died about 2700 BP. Other probable Subeixi medicines include Artemisia annua, found in a package within a tomb at Shengjindian. Artemeinini is an effective therapy for many different diseases including malaria. It has a fragrant scent, and Jiang et al feel it was likely placed in the tomb to eliminate the odors that accompany death rituals. Wild plants collected from Subeixi tombs include a range of materials used for fiber, oil and construction materials, including reed stems Phragmites australis and bulrush leaf fibers (Typha spp). Mat making, weaving, metal smelting, and woodworking were developed handicrafts by the later period. Cemeteries The early Subiexi were nomadic, and what is most known about this period comes from large cemeteries. Preservation in these tombs is excellent, with human remains, organic objects and plant and animal remains recovered from thousands of tombs in cemeteries at Aidinghu, Yanghai, Alagou, Yuergou, Shengjindian, Sangeqiao, Wulabu, and Subeixi cemeteries, among others. Among the evidence found in the Shengjindian tombs (about 35 km east of modern Turfan in contexts dated to 2200-2000 years ago) was also Vitis vinifera, in the form of mature grape seeds which indicate that the people had access to ripe grapes, and were thus likely cultivated locally. A grape vine was also recovered at Yanghai tombs, dated to 2,300 years ago. Wooden Prosthesis Also discovered at Shengjindian was a wooden leg on a 50-65-year-old man. Investigations show  that he lost the use of the leg as a result of tuberculosis infection, which caused osseous ankylosis of his knee which would have made walking impossible. The knee was supported with an externally fitted wooden prosthesis, which consisted of a thigh stabilizer and leather straps, and a peg at the bottom made of horse/ass hoof. Wear and tear on the prosthesis  and lack of muscle atrophy in that leg  suggest the man wore the prosthesis for some years. The most probable age of the burial is 300-200 BC, making it the oldest functional leg prosthesis to date. A wooden toe was found in an Egyptian tomb dated to 950-710 BC; a wooden foot was reported by Herodotus in the 5th century BC; and the oldest case of a prosthetic leg use is from Capua Italy, dated to about 300 BC. This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Steppe Societies, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Chen T, Yao S, Merlin M, Mai H, Qiu Z, Hu Y, Wang B, Wang C, and Jiang H. 2014. Identification of Cannabis Fiber from the Astana Cemeteries, Xinjiang, China, with Reference to Its Unique Decorative Utilization. Economic Botany 68(1):59-66. doi: 10.1007/s12231-014-9261-z Gong Y, Yang Y, Ferguson DK, Tao D, Li W, Wang C, Là ¼ E, and Jiang H. 2011. Investigation of ancient noodles, cakes, and millet at the Subeixi Site, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(2):470-479. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2010.10.006 Jiang H-E, Li X, Ferguson DK, Wang Y-F, Liu C-J, and Li C-S. 2007. The discovery of Capparis spinosa L. (Capparidaceae) in the Yanghai Tombs (2800 years b.p.), NW China, and its medicinal implications. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 113(3):409-420. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.020 Jiang H-E, Li X, Liu C-J, Wang Y-F, and Li C-S. 2007. Fruits of Lithospermum officinale L. (Boraginaceae) used as an early plant decoration (2500 years BP) in Xinjiang, China. Journal of Archaeological Science 34(2):167-170. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.04.003 Jiang H-E, Li X, Zhao Y-X, Ferguson DK, Hueber F, Bera S, Wang Y-F, Zhao L-C, Liu C-J, and Li C-S. 2006. A new insight into Cannabis sativa (Cannabaceae) utilization from 2500-year-old Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang, China. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 108(3):414-422. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.05.034 Jiang H-E, Wu Y, Wang H, Ferguson DK, and Li C-S. 2013. Ancient plant use at the site of Yuergou, Xinjiang, China: implications from desiccated and charred plant remains. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 22(2):129-140. doi: 10.1007/s00334-012-0365-z Jiang H-E, Zhang Y, Là ¼ E, and Wang C. 2015. Archaeobotanical evidence of plant utilization in the ancient Turpan of Xinjiang, China: a case study at the Shengjindian cemetery. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 24(1):165-177. doi: 10.1007/s00334-014-0495-6 Jiang H-E, Zhang Y-B, Li X, Yao Y-F, Ferguson DK, Là ¼ E-G, and Li C-S. 2009. Evidence for early viticulture in China: proof of a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae) in the Yanghai Tombs, Xinjiang. Journal of Archaeological Science 36(7):1458-1465. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2009.02.010 Kramell A, Li X, Csuk R, Wagner M, Goslar T, Tarasov PE, Kreusel N, Kluge R, and Wunderlich C-H. 2014. Dyes of late Bronze Age textile clothes and accessories from the Yanghai archaeological site, Turfan, China: Determination of the fibers, color analysis and dating. Quaternary International 348(0):214-223. doi; 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.05.012 Li X, Wagner M, Wu X, Tarasov P, Zhang Y, Schmidt A, Goslar T, and Gresky J. 2013. Archaeological and palaeopathological study on the third/second century BC grave from Turfan, China: Individual health history and regional implications. Quaternary International 290–291(0):335-343. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.05.010 Qiu Z, Zhang Y, Bedigian D, Li X, Wang C, and Jiang H. 2012. Sesame Utilization in China: New Archaeobotanical Evidence from Xinjiang. Economic Botany 66(3):255-263. doi: 10.1007/s12231-012-9204-5

Lafayette College SAT Scores, Acceptance Rate, and More

Lafayette College SAT Scores, Acceptance Rate, and More Lafayette College is a generally selective school, with an acceptance rate of only 28  percent. Successful applicants will need strong test scores, high grades, and an impressive application. Students can apply using the Common Application and will need to complete the supplement specific for Lafayette (which includes a personal statement). For more information, including important deadlines, be sure to visit Lafayettes website. Will You Get In? Calculate your chances of getting in  with Cappexs free tool. Admissions Data (2016) Lafayette College Acceptance Rate: 28%GPA, SAT and ACT graph for LafayetteTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 580 / 680SAT Math: 620 / 710SAT Writing: - / -ACT Composite: 27 / 31ACT English: 27 / 33ACT Math: 27  / 32ACT Writing: - / - Lafayette College Description Lafayette College is a small, highly selective college located in Easton, Pennsylvania. The college has the feel of a traditional  liberal arts college, but it is unusual in that it also has several engineering programs. Lafayettes strengths in the liberal arts earned it a chapter of the prestigious  Phi Beta Kappa  Honor Society. Quality instruction is central to Lafayettes mission, and with an 11 to 1  student/faculty ratio, students will have lots of interaction with the faculty. Kiplingers ranks Lafayette highly for the schools value, and students who qualify for aid often receive significant grant awards. On the athletic front, the Lafayette Leopards compete in the NCAA Division I  Patriot League. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 2,550  (all undergraduate)Gender Breakdown: 49% Male / 51% Female98% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17) Tuition and Fees: $49,635Books: $1,000 (why so much?)Room and Board: $14,470Other Expenses: $1,000Total Cost: $66,105 Lafayette College Financial Aid (2015  - 16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 54%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 46%Loans: 33%Average Amount of AidGrants: $37,472Loans: $8,493 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Art, Biology, Civil Engineering, Economics, English, International Relations, Mechanical Engineering, Political Science, PsychologyWhat major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 94%Transfer-out Rate: 8%4-Year Graduation Rate: 85%6-Year Graduation Rate: 89% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Football, Baseball, Swimming, Tennis, Track and Field, Basketball, Golf, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Basketball, Cross Country, Swimming, Volleyball, Field Hockey, Lacrosse, Tennis, Softball, Soccer, Track, and Field Data Source National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Lafayette College, You May Also Like These Schools Dickinson CollegeCornell UniversityCarnegie Mellon UniversityDrexel UniversitySwarthmore College

International and comparative criminal justice Essay

International and comparative criminal justice - Essay Example This is the way things should be. It is unacceptable for the police to contaminate evidence or obtain it through duress. However, its actual exclusion should rest at the discretion of a judge. This is the correct law and is followed in many common law jurisdictions, while it is less prevalent in civil law jurisdictions. In the course of this essay the rationale for this rule will be examined as will a number of cases and statutes relating to it. It is first important to discuss context. Crime has been an unfortunate aspect of human existence from the beginning of time. Each civilization and country has had to determine a method for dealing with it within their own moral vision. Different approaches to dealing with crime come from different values systems. Everyone is different and believes in different things. For people that believe a criminal is a product of his environment and is not personally responsible for committing of crime, it is likely that resources will be used on rehabi litation and treatment. Imprisonment will play a less important role. But for those who believe individuals are responsible for the things that they do and that if they intend to commit crimes they should be punished, the emphasis is likely to be on punishing or detaining the criminal. These different values play a role in determining how evidence is excluded. These two ways of dealing with crime can be broken up into two models. One will be likely to exclude contaminated evidence in order to preserve the human rights of the criminal, the second model would be much less likely to exclude evidence1. The first is the famous due process model present in most developed countries. The main idea of this model is that an individual should not be deprived of their human rights, even if it is clear that he or she has committed a terrible crime. To put someone in prison is to take away the criminal’s right to liberty. That is a very serious thing. The process must be scrutinized to ens ure that everything is done by the book. At its heart the due process model is the idea that the system would rather see ten guilty people go free than one innocent person in prison. The result of this model is many hours of painstaking work checking evidence and a long time-line of the court case moving slowly through the system. Because, historically, the legal system railroaded individuals by planting false evidence and by abusing human rights, we must be very careful when examining evidence. Permitting contaminated evidence into the legal system would encourage law enforcement officers to commit illicit acts. The due process model would strongly argue to exclude evidence obtained in the course of an abuse of human rights. The second way of looking at criminal justice regarding evidence is the crime control model. This model puts a high value on locking up guilty people. Its aim is to protect society and it tries to do this by detaining as many people as it can as quickly as it c an. Typically, in this model more money is spent on policing and deterring and prosecuting criminals as quickly as possible so that the police and prosecutors can start again quickly on the next group of criminals. If it happens that an innocent person is

Discuss whistle-blowing in nursing. (Please cover the pros and cons of Research Paper

Discuss whistle-blowing in nursing. (Please cover the pros and cons of whistle blowing and it's relevance to nurse empowerment) - Research Paper Example Furthermore, a nurse might also act as a health advisor for the patients’ future well being. The American Nursing Association (ANA) states, â€Å"nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations† (What is Nursing 2012). Despite the level of input required, the reward for this profession mostly shows up as a bully. Majority of the nurses face social demons at work such as discrimination, over exploitation and verbal or even in some cases, physical abuse. Through a survey conducted of 612 nurses, 67.5% have, at some point or the other suffered inappropriate behavior from their managers. American Nursing Association has stated that 56.9% have either been threatened or been abused verbally at work. (Malcolm 2006; Spence, Leiter, Day, & Gilin 2009; ANA 2001). Whistle blowing is a terminology used when an employee of an organization who objects over illegal or unethical practices that takes place within the business. Depending upon the nature of the management style, whistle blowing can have its advantages but, in some cases quite severe repercussions. Many within a firm might consider whistle blowing no less than an act of treachery while for some companies or organizations, whistle blowing is just another form of collaborative and collective ideas to cut costs and improve efficiency from all areas of the firm. Encouraging employees from all levels of hierarchy to step up and contribute towards the betterment of the institution, collectively. However, fact is, such an attitude is rare to be found. News reports and surveys represent clearly that healthcare institutions are not in favor of such an activity and view whistle blowing as cynical criticism that diminishes its public image. Nurse practitioners have suffered the most, socially an d

1776 by David McCullough Essay Example for Free

1776 by David McCullough Essay Revered historian David McCullough covers the martial side of the historic year of 1776 with trait insight and an enthralling description, appending new research and an innovative standpoint to the foundation of the American Revolution. It was a tumultuous and bewildering time. As British and American officials fought to make a negotiation, incidents on the ground escalated until war was unavoidable. McCullough writes gaudily about the depressing conditions that herds on both sides had to bear, embracing a bizarrely ruthless winter, and the job that luck and the quirks of the climate played in assisting the regal forces hold off the worlds supreme militia. He also successfully discovers the magnitude of enthusiasm and troop self-confidence a knot was the same as a triumph to the Americans, while anything other than crushing victory was off-putting to the British, who projected a quick finish to the combat The redcoat withdraw from Boston, for instance, was principally mortifying for the British, whereas the negligible American win at Trenton was overstated regardless of its partial strategic importance. In his latest book, 1776, David McCullough wields on this significant year the narrative gifts he is expressed in such fascinating accounts as The Great Bridge plus The Path between the Seas. As a olden times of the American Revolution, it is an improbably abridged volume: critical developments leading to the insurrection like the Stamp Act, which occur to fall external the boundaries of Mr. McCulloughs strict time outline, are not observed, and succeeding episodes of the war (which would keep on after the Trenton-Princeton crusade for an added half-dozen traumatic years) are overlooked as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Quantities of the strongest courses in 1776 are the illuminating and well-formed descriptions of the Georges on either sides of the Atlantic. King George III, so often represented as a shambling, haughty fool, is given an additional attentive treatment by McCullough, who reveals that the king deemed the settlers to be ill-tempered subjects without valid gripes an outlook that led him to underrate the will and aptitudes of the Americans. Now and then he seems dazed that war was even obligatory. The great Washington meets his substantial status in these pages, and McCullough hinges on private association to balance the man and the fable, disclosing how severely concerned Washington was about the Americans chances for success, regardless of his public sanguinity. Perhaps more than any other man, he recognized how providential they were to simply carry on the year, and he gladly places the responsibility for their fortuity in the hands of God in lieu of his own. Enchanting and terrifically written, 1776 is the work of a skilled historian.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1776 is least valuable, nevertheless, at conveying the interior of most war narratives: combat. The initial, and best, hundred pages focus on the cordon of Boston, an overwrought but almost bloodless issue. When the action transfers to New York, the narrative sagged. McCullough writes with great lucidity regarding the composite tactics between Manhattan, Long Island and Westchester County in the summer and fall of 1776. But when battle blasts, the action turns out to be hindered in stock images. 1776 is even so an emotive and sensible work, reminding us that its armed forces rather than tavern nationalists and turbulent politicians who have constantly paid the price of American optimism and determined its victories. Works Cited McCullough, David, (May 24, 2005), 1776, Simon Schuster ISBN: 0743226712.

The Blind Side, a Hollywood Film Essay -- poor, homeless, rich, white m

Have you ever wondered why so many films portray the story of a poor, abused, homeless, colored person that is eventually rescued by a smart, rich, white person? Every few years, there is a new film made that captures this same story, but the way the viewer is affected by the representation of race changes quite often. This idea gets old to many viewers who may agree with the idea of race being addressed in film, but not in the same way all the time. When a rich, white, republican family in the South takes in a homeless black boy to live with them, they struggle with the disapproval of society and their own insecurity. The Blind Side, a Hollywood film released in 2009 by director, John Hancock, represents the idea of race in this conventional, racist fashion. The Blind Side, based on a true story, is about a seventeen year old, large, physically distinguished black boy, Michael Oher, who grew up in the projects in Memphis. This movie captures his disturbing life. Out of circumstances which include Coach Cotton's belief that he would advance the school's football team based mostly on his size and the way he moves, Michael is accepted into Wingate Christian School - an exclusive white private school - despite his disturbing 0.6 GPA. After Michael starts attending Wingate, most of his teachers believe there is no way to teach him except Mrs. Boswell, his science teacher; she begins to understand that he learns differently from the rest of the students. Believing he has no one to help him, Leigh Anne Tuohy- mother of Wingate students, Collins and S.J. Tuohy, and wife to Sean Tuohy, franchise owner of several Taco Bells - invites Michael to stay in the Tuohy's expensive home for the night. But that one night slowly turns into weeks, ... ... the tale told was worthy of being on film. But, along with many other films out there, its racial representation stereotyped blacks as lower humans than whites. Because of Michael’s portrayal as a simple- minded child and the fact that once again white man had to step in to save the day, The Blind Side expresses race in a way that is especially negative towards blacks. Works Cited Puig, Claudia. "Strong Acting Can't Outrun Shallow Tale in ‘The Blind Side’ USATODAY.com." Strong Acting Can't Outrun Shallow Tale in 'The Blind Side'- USATODAY.com. USA Today, 20 Nov. 2009. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. Seibert, Perry. "The Blind Side." TV Guide. TV Guide, n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. Nemiroff, Perri. "The Blind Side." Review. Cinema Blend LLC, n.d. Web. 09 Mar. 2014. The Blind Side. Dir. John L. Hancock. Perf. Sandra Bullock, Tim McGraw, Quinton Aaron. Warner Bros., 2009. DVD.

Could Russia Have Defeated Japan in the Russo-Japanese War?

This essay will examine Russia's advantages and disadvantages pre-war, war and post-war that could have changed the course of history and enabled Russia to defeat Japan in the Russo-Japanese War. Russia, despite major advantages in resources, military personnel, naval forces, and strategic depth, lost the Russo-Japanese War to Japan, a rising power whose military strength and power were grossly underestimated. Why? What could Russia have done differently to defeat Japan in the war? Summarizing and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of Russia’s poor leadership, lack of strategic planning against Japan, and logistical differences will help clarify what it did wrong and what it could have done to defeat Japan in 1904. Diplomatic and economic factors before and during the war In 1854, Japan had reopened her doors to the United States, the United Kingdom, and Russian after 200 years of isolation from all Western powers, except the Netherlands (Koda 12). Of these powers, Britain and Russia had the strongest impact on the national security policy of the Japanese government. By the 1890s, given the growing competition among European Powers in Asia, Japan had begun to implement policies to increase the nation’s military and economic modernization. They recognized that failure to do so would lead to the â€Å"nation’s dominance or dismemberment† by foreigners (Francis 1). Between 1888 and 1904, the Russian Empire’s economy was booming. As the financial heath of the government improved, it can be expected that the Minister of War would be allowed to share in this bounty. The Ministry was able to fund two discrete rearmament programs: the acquisition of magazine rifles and the introduction of the first quick-firing field artillery piece (Fuller 363). Both programs helped enhance and put Russia at an advantage in military readiness and innovation compared to other powers within the region. In 1894, Russia had a new Tsar in Nicholas II, who was â€Å"young, dreamy and ambitious†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and noted by biographers as â€Å"a weak man and easily led† (Fuller 370). Another important figure to Russia’s government was Count S. Iu. Witte. Witte, the Minister of Finance, 1892-1903, rapidly became one of Nicholas’s most influential ministers in the early part of his regime as Tsar (Fuller 370). Witte was the prime mover of the Trans-Siberian and Chinese Eastern railroads, which allowed Russia to become a monopoly over resources and markets of Manchuria (Fuller 370). In March 1900, War Minister Kuropatkin delivered a speech in which he summarized the ways in which Russia had used its' military power in the past two hundred years and a series of predictions on upcoming challenges the nation would have to face. He argued that Russia â€Å"neither needed nor desired war with any of the other Great Powers; it simply had nothing to gain by it† (Fuller 377). Yet, Russia was not a satisfied Power and in a report to the Tsar, Kuropatkin had to endorse the continued economic exploitation of Manchuria and the expansion of Russia influence in the East (Fuller 378). Moreover, Russia had concluded an alliance with China against Japan and, in the process provided the finance China needed in exchange for railway and industrial monopolies and won rights to extend the Trans-Siberian Railroad across Chinese-held Manchuria to the Russian seaport of Vladivostok, thus gaining control of an important strip of Manchurian territory (Warner 113). Unfortunately, the unfinished state of the Trans-Siberian railroad in 1904, logistical problems, and heavy costs meant only about 100,000 Russian troops and supporting units had been deployed to the Far East. However, this continuous crash collusion over the â€Å"spheres of influence† in Manchuria, Port Arthur, and finally in 1903 when Russia developed an economic interest in Korea further exasperated Japan (Koda 16). Start of the War The Russo-Japanese War took place from February 1904 to September 1905; it was a war that originated out of rival imperial ambitions of the Japanese and Russian Empires over Manchuria, Port Arthur, and Korea. The Russians had been pursuing a course of steady aggression and contrary to what Japan considered her â€Å"vital interests and national honor† (Mahan 172). The Russians had countless chances to gain an advantage and a better diplomatic position over Japan. After negotiations back and forth concerning â€Å"spheres of interest† between the two nations were not met and in Japanese eyes were ignored due to the arrogance of the Tsar; Japan severed diplomatic relations on 6 February 1904 (Answer. com). Late at night on the 8th of February, a force of Japanese torpedo boats entered into Port Arthur. Through the dense fog, they launched a surprise attack that not only surprised the Russian naval squadron, but also surprised the world. Only one ship, the Novik, was not caught entirely napping and was able to give chase (Warner 17). Three of Russia’s biggest ships took severe hits: the cruiser Pallada, Retvizan and Tsarevitch (Warner 17). Russia was shocked and definitely not prepared! Although gunfire stirred some in the evening, many knew nothing of the attack until the next morning. Some had heard and assumed that the fleet had been carrying out exercises and few people â€Å"expected that the first attack by Japanese- or any attack at all- would take place in Port Arthur† (Warner 17). Crafting a War Plan The Commander of Russia’s Far Eastern Armies, General Kuropatkin was tasked with developing Russia’s war plan; his idea was to deny Japan an early victory by alternating tenacious holding actions and strategic withdrawals in order to gain the time needed to bring thousands of additional troops from European Russia (Fuller 379). â€Å"Inso far as possible,† he wrote, â€Å"our forces must avoid decisive engagements in order to escape being defeated in detail prior to concentration of forces sufficient for the defeat of the Japanese† (Fuller 400). He expected the Japanese to invade Manchuria, they did; he anticipated that the Japanese would attack Port Arthur, they did; so, his plan was absolutely accurate and unquestionably foreboded the events that were about to unfold in this Russian nightmare. But no matter how intelligent or administratively talented Kuropatkin may have been, he committed the gravest of errors by underestimating his enemy. The Japanese army was highly motivated and trained and ready to implement their war plan. In an attempt to avoid war, Japan presented Russia with a treaty that would be relatively fair to both sides. Russia, to the surprise of no one, declined the terms and Japan was left with no choice other than to declare war. In July 1903 at pre-war negotiations, the Japanese Minister in St. Petersburg as instructed to present Russian Minister, Roman Rosen, with his country’s views and desires. After the proposal, Russia provide a counter-proposal and Japan provided another proposal by which â€Å"Manchuria would be outside the Japanese sphere of influence and, reciprocally, Korea outside Russia’s† (Answers. com). One month later on 4 February when no formal reply had been received, Japan severed ties and went about achieving everything that they asked for at the pre-negotiations. According to Karl von Clausewitz, a renowned theorist of war, two parties need to want peace for a war to be terminated and both sides must be able to overcome internal and external oppositions to end the war. Because of Russian leaders’ incompetence, arrogance, and inability to respond promptly and compromise negotiations, Japan’s pre-war requests and Kuropatkin’s predictions of Japan’s war strategy were developing in what would be known in history as the Russo-Japanese War. Elements of the Land Campaign At the outbreak of the war, Russia had the world's largest standing army, but most of it was in Europe. The Japanese knew that Russia could not fully concentrate its’ army in the Far East because â€Å"it had to keep some forces in western Russia as a counter to Turkish, German, and Austrian forces† (Koda 22). Russia was not ready for the war with Japan, and the Japanese knew it. All Japan had to do was concentrate its’ forces in Manchuria and match the strength of Russian forces there. For the Japanese to establish superiority, they had to overcome their handicaps: shortage of strategic reserves, an insufficient stockpile of ammunition, and poor field heavy artillery (Koda 23). In order to overcome these handicaps, Japan had a well thought out operational plan and effective tactics on the battlefield, which yielded perfectly to the warfare of Manchurian plain. In my opinion, all Russia had to do was delay Japanese forces while they built up their strength in the west and bring forces south from the Chinese Eastern railway. Without the Trans-Siberian Railway to assist in reinforcing Russian forces, Russia would be left without â€Å"a real plan of campaign† (Warner 319). Therefore, the longer the war went on, the more likely an eventual Russian victory would have been in a battle of industrial attrition due to the continuing flow of reinforcements along the railway. Synchronizing ground and naval efforts Japan had to deliver a severe blow before Russia had time to prepare and execute whatever war plan that they may have established. In the words of Admiral â€Å"Bull† Halsey, Japan needed to â€Å"Hit hard, hit fast and hit often. † In March the Japanese landed an army in Korea that quickly overran that country. In May another Japanese army landed on the Liaotung Peninsula, and on May 26 it cut off the Port Arthur garrison from the main body of Russian forces in Manchuria. Russia needed to stop playing on the defense and start being on the offensive. With the help of reinforcements received via the Trans-Siberian Railroad, Russia continued attacks, but it proved indecisive owing to poor military leadership. An example of the Russian’s impotence in leadership occurred at the siege of Port Arthur. After believing that the purpose of defending the city was lost due to the defeat of the fleet, Major General Stessel decided to surrender his post without consulting the other military staff present, or the Tsar and the military command. All disagreed with his decision because the garrison was still well stocked and had months of food and ammunition. In 1908, Stessel was convicted by a court-martial and sentenced to death, though later pardoned for his offenses (Answer. om). More aggressive naval power The Japanese Combined Fleet was slightly superior to the Russian Pacific Fleet (Koda 22). Japan was at an advantage to Russia, because Russia’s fleet had to be divided in two forces, one at Port Arthur and the other at Vladivostok (Koda 22). The fleets at Port Arthur and Vladivostok were also smaller and less ready, which left Russia's land and naval forces outnumbered at the start of the war. Japan’s strategy was to engage each force separately and prevent any Russian reinforcements. Japan’s Combined Fleet had to destroy the Pacific Fleet before the arrival of reinforcements and it was necessary for Admiral Togo â€Å"to preserve his strength, to ensure that he had a fleet capable of destroying the reinforcements when they arrived† (Koda 23). The Russian fleet in Port Arthur presented a menace to the sea lines of communication for Japan and was a determining factor of the war. The attack, although successful, was not executed as planned. It continued long enough to afford Russia the opportunity to bring into play her other naval forces from the west and if other circumstance would not have accorded, may have caused Japan their victory. For example, the Baltic Fleet was on its last leg of its 18,000 nautical mile journey to Vladivostok, when they were spotted by the Japanese Combined Fleet. The Baltic Fleet had been successfully traveling at night to avoid discovery. Unfortunately, one of her hospital ships exposed a light, which was sighted by a Japanese ship. The ship reported the sighting to Admiral Togo, who was able to position his fleet and engage in the battle of Tsushima. The Russian fleet was annihilated at Tsushima. If the Russian fleet would have positioned their cruisers, designed for speed and endurance, at Vladivostok, Russia would have had a better chance at counter-attacking Japan’s fleet. Unlike Port Arthur with only one way in and out, Vladivostok had two exits, to the Japan Sea and to the east coast of the islands by way of the Tsugaru Straits. The Japanese vessels out numbered the Russian vessels and they probably would have still picked off the Russian vessels one by one, but positioning the cruisers at another port would have allowed for continued freedom of commerce. Although this is an indirect effect to the war, it directly affected the already unstable economy and a growing rebellious status to war efforts in Russia. One of the most important things to remember is not just the multiple locations of the Russia fleets, but that they were divided into fractions individually smaller than those of a possible enemy. If the Russian divisions at Port Arthur, Vladivostok, and in the European ports of Russia would have been united, they would have outweighed the Japanese fleet; hence causing the Japanese fleet to re-evaluate their plan and possibly changing the course of the war. Additionally, Admiral Makarov, Commander of the Baltic Fleet, suggested that more ships should assist the Port Arthur and Vladivostok, but with his death a conference of the Higher Naval Board with the Tsar presiding was needed. For the next three months, the new commander, Admiral Rozhdestvenski, struggled with â€Å"the inevitable tangle of Russian red tape† and prepared his fleet for the long journey and they set sail in October of 1904 (Warner 402). The Baltic fleet should have been sent east the instant the Japanese declared war and would have arrived in ample time to assist and been able to provide much needed reinforcements and a more aggressive naval power. Conclusion Despite Russia’s major advantages in resources, military personnel, naval forces, and strategic depth, they lost to an up and coming power, Japan. Furthermore, they could have negotiated out of starting a war, and never have been put in a situation that caused undue hardship on their ill-prepared naval and land forces. If it wasn’t for poor leadership, lack of strategic planning, and logistical differences, Russia could have defeated Japan in the Russo-Japanese War.

Macbeth – Analysis of Fear. In Macbeth, it is evident of how fear can affect any character

Fear is a significant factor in building a person's character, be it affecting their actions, their words, regardless of whether it is right or wrong. This emotional quality, of which can motivate one to success as well as to downfall, had played an important role in countless works of literature. As for the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, fear was the main motivating factor in influencing the actions and reactions towards the witches' prophecies of Macbeth, in addition to of Lady Macbeth. Seen through the development of the plotline, the final outcome of the play was affected greatly by fear and also inspired by how this particular sentiment can dominate and control the nature of mankind. Following the death of Duncan, Macbeth's subsequent acts of murder were carried out of fear and insecurity for his position as the king of Scotland. Once Duncan's body was discovered, Macbeth had immediately rushed up to the king's chamber and killed the two sleeping guards. He justified himself by saying ‘Who could refrain, That had a heart to love, and in that heart Courage to make's love known? ‘ (2. . 112-114) Out of fear and without thinking straight, Macbeth has slain the grooms of Duncan in order to deprive them of a chance to justify themselves. The over-exaggerated passion displayed by Macbeth, as well as the amplified account of his courage, fired up the rising suspicions of Macbeth's true intentions in the incident. His fear of getting caught and accused of Duncan's death only further enhanced his fear of Banquo, who was beginning to doubt the justice behind Macbeth's new status. As in the witches' prophecies, Banquo was destined to father generation after generation of Scottish kings. Macbeth demonstrated his anxiety regarding his royal legacy by commenting ‘To be thus is nothing; But to be safely thus. Our fears in Banquo Stick deep' (3. 1. 48-50). This lead to his participation in the murder of Banquo, where Macbeth's cautious attitude insisted that committing a second crime would further secure his role as king. This characteristic of Macbeth's fear was also shown much later into the play after meeting with the apparitions. Upon learning that ‘none of woman born Shall harm Macbeth' (4. 1. 8-81), Macbeth immediately scoffed ‘Then live, Macduff. What need I fear of thee? But yet I'll make assurance double sure, And take a bond of fate. Thou shalt not live' (4. 1. 82-84). Macbeth's psychological mindset was indicated through this quote, his vigilance drove him to the desire of murdering Macduff and hence his family. Therefore, fear precipitated Macbeth's many redundant murders, which then amplified his downfall. Lady Macbeth was greatly consumed by fear and guilt that she was slowly losing her sanity, as a result of not being able to handle what she had done to Duncan. In the quote of ‘Out, damned spot! Out, I say! ‘ (5. 1. 30), Lady Macbeth was trying to wash out what she saw as blood on her hands. The repetition of the word ‘out' towards an inanimate object – something insignificant – emphasized her emotionally instable behaviour and inability to control her sentiments. Also, Lady Macbeth's fear of blood contrasted greatly with Macbeth's obsession with murder and bloodbath in the latter half of the play: when Macbeth utilized his fear in evolving into a vigilant character, Lady Macbeth deteriorates from a callous character into one overwhelmed with fear. She mentioned hell – ‘Hell is murky' (5. 1. 31), announcing her fear of going there for what she has done. Initially, Lady Macbeth had been the driving force behind Macbeth's ambition to be king, masking whatever fears she occupied by calling proposed threats bluff as like in the quote ‘What need we fear who knows it when none can call our power to account? ‘ (5. 1. 32-33) Nevertheless, Lady Macbeth's role became smaller and more insignificant as the play neared the end as she was driven mad by guilt. Unable to take the torment, it was implied that she ended up taking her own life right before the battle between Macbeth and the English troops began – ‘The queen, my lord, is dead' (5. 5. 17) – which demonstrated her fear and what fear can do to a person. The witches' prophecies, particularly the apparitions, were a main source of fear for Macbeth, where he fell further into a belief of what fate had in store for him. The straightforward warning from the first apparition – ‘Macbeth! Macbeth! Macbeth! Beware Macduff. Beware the thane of Fife. ‘ (4. 1. 1-2)' – angered Macbeth greatly and drove him to kill Macduff's family. This then further motivated Macduff to slay Macbeth in combat. The second and third apparitions then told of the causes of Macbeth's downfall. Once the battle commenced, Macbeth repeatedly announced the prophecies, either to himself or to whatever audience is there to listen, fearing he would have forgotten. He would declare ‘Till Birnam Wood remove to Dunsinane I cannot taint with fear' (5. 3. 2-3) and ‘I will not be afraid of death and bane, Till Birnam forest comes to Dunsinane' (5. . 61-62). The fear of Macbeth's own defeat had lead to a constant reminder for himself to continue fighting and living until the predictions did come true. Meanwhile, his consistent repetitions of the apparitions' predictions implied a certain mindset of where he saw them as a protection against whatever harm. In using verbs like ‘cannot' and ‘will', the determination of Macbeth is demonstrated, as well as him trying to calm himself down in trying to be relieved of whatever emotions or fears which may affect his performance. On the other hand, Macbeth's obsession with the prophecies also weakened himself. Once having killed Young Siward in battle, Macbeth laughed ‘Thou wast born of woman. But swords I smile at, weapons laugh to scorn, Brandished by man that's of a woman born' (5. 7. 15-17) and this lead to the underestimation of Macduff once they started to fight and hence brought the tyrant and protagonist of the play to his end. In conclusion, fear plays a part in one's decisions in every day life. Though one may hide his or her fears behind a strong exterior, it remains a potent motivating force throughout life. In Macbeth, it is evident of how fear can affect any character. For the duration of the play, Macbeth's fears of losing his position as king contributed to his many acts of murder in the means of being cautious. Similar to Lady Macbeth who found relief from her fears in death, Macbeth then buried himself into the witches' prophecies; trusting whatever was told for security and, in the end, lead to his downfall. Therefore, fear can force people into great situations, motivating and hindering actions as stimuli for accomplishment in life.

Health Care in United Arab Emirates

Health Care in United Arab Emirates Health Care in United Arab Emirates: An Introduction The health service in United Arab Emirates (UAE) is largely funded by the government of the day in spite of the significant contribution made by the private health care sector (Ali, 2010). UAE has made major strides in the growth and development of health care services courtesy of the heavy monetary and human resource investment by the government.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Health Care in United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, one of the recent reports by the United Nations department on Human Development reveals that UAE is the top 43rd best country in terms of advances in health care out of the 174 countries that were ranked in the survey of developing countries. In retrospect, it is imperative to note that the United Arab Emirates health care system used to be rather pathetic but the status has transformed over time. Major p rogress has been made in the development of human health and healthcare sector in general (Ali, 2010). Owing to the realization that the citizens of United Arab Emirates are the most important asset owned by the country, the government has for the last three decades embarked on healthcare strategies that are more beneficial to its citizens. The current health program in UAE has been designed in such a way that it addresses the emphatic need for attaining decent health for all and sundry. This is also in line with the global objectives for universal healthcare for people from all walks in life. Consequently, new programs such as â€Å"Doctor Match† are coming into being as part of the process of not only improving the status of the current healthcare provision in UAE, but also creating broad awareness to all citizens and foreigners on how best they can maintain a healthy environment. To this end, there are regions being targeted in order to establish the new business. Moreover , there are other stakeholders derived from both the healthcare sectors as well as interested parties who will boost the â€Å"Doctor Match† program. Ministry of Health in UAE It is equally vital to reiterate the commitment put forth by the Ministry of Health in United Arab Emirates. As a direct agent of the government on matters of health, the ministry has laid out plans that will ease the process of accessing healthcare services as well as tailor made medical programs suitable for certain target groups. Achieving such an ambitious objective may not be a walk in the park (Ali, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, the Ministry of Health is already working out modalities of expanding the long term healthcare plans that were adopted sometimes back. The current programs and health care policies are being reviewed by the ministry with long t erm objectives in mind. Indeed, this is a big merit for â€Å"Doctor Match† bearing in mind that the cooperation with the Ministry of Health will hasten the process of attaining our set goals and objectives. Besides, the ministry will act as a very powerful tool in offering guidance and moral support in achieving the broad goals ahead of us. Our focal point of interest is in giving a new meaning to health in United Arab Emirates. As a vibrant program, Doctor Match has a wider clientele base. Firstly, there are health care institutions such as clinics and hospitals that will form a formidable part of our operations. In addition, there are individual based clients like patients and healthcare professionals such as doctors and nursing fraternity who are remarkable customers to Doctor Match. Due to this large customer base, we will definitely be in a vantage position to reach our potential and most valued buyers. Better still, our brand identity will be acknowledged and appreciat ed within a short span of time. A critical look at the health care services that are already being offered by the Ministry of Health in UAE reveals a lot more than is actually known. The ministry has adequately reached out for both the rural and urban communities in its broad web of health services. This implies that there is a complete chain of health care facilities that are operational. Furthermore, there is reputable evidence of several health centers that are offering advanced medical services. Moreover, there are myriad of parallel programs that have been launched to create and improve awareness of the wider UAE society. For instance, the community is being enlightened on how to maintain a healthy lifestyle as part and parcel of maintaining a healthy record. The Ministry of Health in partnership with other stakeholders in healthcare services has conducted multiple research and Development. One important conclusion by the ministry is that there quite a number of lifestyle disea ses like cancer and diabetes that could be avoided if the population was more keen on their diet.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Health Care in United Arab Emirates specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Security Privacy As with most online businesses, matters of security and privacy are paramount and cannot be ignored. For example, nearly all of online businesses will often request the credit card details of clients when making payments. Unfortunately, there are customers who are not contended with this requirement since they are not sure if the details of their credit cards will be divulged or accessed by a third party to the detriment of their safety. Owing to this serious concern, Doctor Match assures its clients that the viewing of their credit card details will be done only when necessary and by an authorized company official. Hence, clients should allay any fears surrounding the safety and privacy of the contents of their credit cards. Users have been assured by Doctor Match that none of the fraud cases in the use of credit cards will befall them and that they should feel safe to use it when making their payments. There are different varieties of credit cards issued by Doctor Match in order to meet the tastes and preferences of their customers. To supplement the use of credit cards, clients can also submit payments using PayPal (Doctor Match, 2010). It is upon customers to choose the best mode of payment they prefer. Online information concerning the rating of doctors is yet another cause of concern for users. They do not readily trust such data. Indeed, there are patients who may skeptical on the overall ratings of our site. They may perhaps think that Doctor Match interferes with the ratings as primarily given by patients. For this reason, Doctor Match pledges its customers that none of the ratings will ever be altered regardless of the circumstances. Since Doctor Health is basic ally concerned with health matters, it will always endeavor to develop a healthy environment in order to upgrade and improve the wellness of the wider community (Doctor Match, 2010). Patients may still be concerned the privacy of their personal informational that are being used online such medical records and contact details. However, Doctor Match treats the profile of each patient as confidentially as possible. Should there be nee to share any information regarding a particular patient, an approval is first sought from the affected party. Hence, although Doctor Match has access to all the patient records, keeping the privacy of such records is a core ethical practice of the business. It is upon clients to choose who they would like certain pertinent information with, not Doctor Match. Hence, clients have the control to choose who can browse their profiles. Over and above these aforementioned measures taken and guarantees on privacy and security, Doctor Match has additional package for security and privacy. For instance, the company works with clients who are between the ages of 21 and 55 (Doctor Match, 2010). This is meant to ensure that the credit cards held by clients are valid in terms of the details such as names. Furthermore, an Emirate ID or a license number is required by Doctor Match as part of verifying important card details.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In recap, Doctor Match has the following pledges for its dedicated users: Confidentiality, secure modes of payment, valid sources on their World Wide Web and identification number for purposes of validation. SWOT analysis for Doctor Match Strengths: We enjoy sponsorship from the health ministry Variety of information for clients Outstanding selling strategy due to unique services provided It is a rare system in health sector Weaknesses: Insufficient financial resources High initial operating cost such as hosting a website Lack of familiarity with the market Management challenges   Opportunities: Large customer base Improved awareness of health in the region Willingness by the government to lend support Advanced technological platform Threats: Stiff market competition Customers may respond negatively to the new initiative of seeking doctors References Ali, H.H. (2010, December 31).  Healthy people in Health promoted environment. Web. Doctor Match (2010, December 31).Respo nses from Doctor Match to you. Web.

Brain Cancer

When thinking about brain tumor, what do you think? I remember millions of people being killed each year. It is difficult to imagine that someone you love will die because of it, but that will happen. Brain tumor is a malignant tumor that leads to death. There are some which can be deleted and others which can not be deleted. Therefore, over the past few decades, they have tried to be friendly to people. It's going well, but it's not always the case. People suffer from cancer, sometimes they can not control it, people may die. Brain tumors are truly deadly, killing millions of people each year. Brain tumors - Brain tumors can be roughly divided into two types. Primary brain tumor occurs in the brain. Metastatic brain tumor begins at the rest of the body and moves to the brain. According to the American Brain Oncology Association, brain tumor is the most common solid tumor in children, the second most common malignancy in children. Brain tumors are the second leading cause of cancer-r elated deaths in men under the age of 40 and are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women under the age of 20. There are various kinds of brain tumors. Some brain tumors are noncancerous (benign), and some brain tumors are cancerous (malignant). Brain tumors may arise from your brain (primary brain tumor), or cancer may originate from other parts of your body and spread to your brain (secondary or metastatic, brain tumors). Acoustic schwannoma (neuroma) is a well-balanced auditory nerve, a benign tumor that progresses from the inner ear to the brain. These nerves intertwine to form the vestibular cochlear nerve (the eighth cranial nerve). Stress from the tumor to the nerve may lead to hearing loss and imbalance Benign brain tumor is non-cancer. Malignant primary brain tumor occurs in the brain, usually grows faster than a benign tumor, invasively invades the surrounding tissue. Brain tumors rarely spread to other organs, but they can spread to other parts of the br ain and the central nervous system. Benign brain tumors usually have clear boundaries and usually do not enter deep into the brain tissue. Assuming that it is located in an area of ​​the brain that can be operated safely, this will facilitate removal by surgery. However, even after they are removed, benign tumors are less likely to recur than malignant tumors, but they may still recur.

Supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Supply chain management - Essay Example This is the first step in the elimination of fraud which emanates from dubious and illegitimate payments (Coe 2007, pg. 206). After, registration of the request, a thorough scrutiny is done to the document to establish its authenticity and note any errors. The calculations and values indicated under the document are vetted to ensure their correctness and omit possible errors. More over, this step is necessary to detect overvaluations and unnecessary items. If the document fails the check list, it should be retained for further action (Coe 2007, pg. 208). Remarkably, on meeting the laid down procedures and requirements, the request is acted upon by raising the requested ministry budget. This is important to enable the concerned ministry to meet its responsibilities. Allegedly, the finance ministry may be forced to suspend the request until the next financial year budget. Notably, this will not be undertaken, purportedly to avert the instances of the ministries failing to meet their obligations. As requested, funds are channeled through to requesting ministry as per items in order of their priority and time limits (Coe 2007, pg. 208). More over, the ministry of finance supply chain officials conducts an audit on the previous allocations to the concerned ministry to establish their spending. This is also in endeavor to ascertain whether the ministry, did under spend and establish the balance they retained in the current financial year. In the event, the ministry fails to even meet the set criteria; there is no sending of the request to the budget department for more scrutiny (Coe 2007, pg. 208). Finally, the supply chain specialists issues the requested checks as per the detailed items to the ministry which now is at liberty to spend the funds efficiently. Notably, from the above flow chart, some discrepancies are emerging indicating the weakness of the model. As indicated, after checking the request order, it is not returned back to the requesting

A paper about a short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A paper about a short story - Essay Example the story where he points out that Matman happens to be a voodoo practitioner, he then described some of the rituals that she sometimes performs that cause her to sometimes fall down to the ground and start rolling about under the glowing moon (DeSanto 2013). After conducting these bizarre ritual, Matman would then proceed to walk back to the house to eat. An analysis of this incidence seems to suggest to the reader that to Matman and her family, that the occurrence of such an event is a normal everyday event, this is despite of the fact that such actions would generally be regarded by the larger society as being quite bizarre. DeSanto also undertakes to try and normalize some gruesome incidents in the story and describes how after Lord Invader had attacked and bit the ear of one of the neighborhood boys while he was busy playing a game of basketball, Dà ©dà © had proceeded to beat him out there in the street before leading the dog home. When the boy’s father had turned up at the house, he had insisted on having the dog killed and on his threatening the Dà ©dà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s family, Dà ©dà © had agreed to kill the dog. Dà ©dà © had then slit the dog’s throat during a brief ceremony that had begun with Matman whispering a Haitian death song that quickly turned into howls. After slitting the dog’s throat Dà ©dà © had proceeded to give it a brief eulogy by whispering â€Å"Lawd Invadar. I lahved you† (DeSanto 2012). By the delivery of the rather ordinary eulogy after Dà ©dà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s character had conducted a bizarre ceremony in which he killed his dog, DeSanto is seen to engage in an attempt where he tries to normalize a gruesome event in which a dog is butchered in a bizarre ceremony. The normalization of the bizarre is also seen to be used by DeSanto in his narration of how John took off all his clothes and ran around the neighborhood while only wearing a bone necklace and then proceeded to dig up the remain of Lord Invader in the rain (DeSanto 2012). The humming of a normal tune is

Dove case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dove case - Assignment Example Trademark is used by the companies for protecting its brand from others. Unilever wants few of the brands because it requires huge amount of time for developing a brand and make it popular among the mass. A company needs to spend resources and energies for managing its different brands. When a firm has more brands then it can offer different types of products and services to its customers which will help the company to generate more profit. For making its brand portfolio wide, Unilever is trying to acquire more brands (Mooij 91). This will facilitate the company to increase its product lines and customer base. In 1950’s Dove brand positioned itself in the market by focusing on the benefits and function of its beauty bar. Dove highlighted that unlike other soap the beauty bar of Dove does not make the skin dry. Moisturizing cream is present in the beauty bar of Dove which makes the skin healthy and smooth (Williams 56). From the time of 1950s Dove refused to call its product as soap. The brand wants to create its unique image by this. In 2007, Dove positioned its brand as a lifestyle brand with different types of beauty products. The brands developed an emotional attachment with the customers and created a strong connection with them. Dove launched new products and tries to gather maximum information about its target customers for understanding their attitude towards the brand. Dove positioned its brand in fulfilling the expectation of its customers (Weiser 46). Decentralized structure was followed in Unilever before 2000. The company has many brands operating in different market but selling same category of products. During that time managing different brands throughout the world became difficult for the company. Unilever faced lack of co-ordination among its different marketing divisions. Brand management was not so effective for the company. Excessive decentralization increased the cost of the company. In 2000 the condition of Unilever was bad in

Effects of Modernity on the City

Effects of Modernity on the City Cities in the modern age have fast been experiencing the notion of modernity. In this essay, I will examine how Cities experience it modernity different ways and their consequent relationships. Modernity is the cultural experience of contemporary city life and the associated cultural valorisation and celebration of innovation and novelty. It can occur through economic development as cities progress financially; also, it can be imported from other nations and cities that are perceived as ‘modern’. However, the limited criteria as to what is classed as ‘modernity’ will also be challenged as well as the predictions for the future of cities and modernity. Cities allow and help achieve modernity primarily through being prime hotspots for economic development. Within a city environment a range of different functions exist, all of which combine to increase the economic and political stronghold of a particular city. Economic development is seen as a key means to reaching a perceived ‘modernity’, closely associated with the west. Until recently, focus was not concerned with Cities but rather international and national policies but World Bank indicatives in the 90s that saw ‘cities as engines of economic growth with the importance of stretching the urban development imagination’ changes this viewpoint. Large Cities were now looked upon as the functioning core of national economies. For instance, city development strategies (CDS) had the common objective of incorporating the diverse concerns of citizens, businesses and governance, which meant that the needs of globalizing sectors and the needs of the poorest citizen s were satisfied. This can be seen in the case study of Johannesburg where the unevenness of development between white and black people was very high. Post-apartheid still saw the city being fragmented and divided with local governance, which were still racist and prejudiced. For instance, one fifth of the city’s population were living in informal settlement while more than 10 % of the city’s population had to make do without access to most basic services. This meant that a city wide perspective was vital, schemes emphasised on the provision of of infrastructure both within townships and also to support new connections between segregated townships and economic opportunities in the central city. Overall, the scheme was effective, although a number of factors undermined its efficiency. It has helped contribute Johannesburg into the world city realm with many people benefitting and flourishing with a strong sense of culture and community. This shows that schemes to enhanc e the economic growth of cities go hand in hand with modernity since Johannesburg is significant better relatively than before. However, for increased effectiveness more schemes must focus on on the ‘ordinary city’ and their various specifics and complexities. Cities also supposedly reach a higher stage of ‘modernity’ after embracing other cultures, identities and values. For example New York, which is symbolised as the most powerful city in the world and the most popular international symbol of urban modernity, was dependent on borrowings from other places. Lewis Mumford stated that ;one would not do justice to the American tradition in architecture if one neglected the part played in our own development by forces originating outside our country’. Some of the influences notes were cleans forms of Japanese design, the importation of the veranda from India and the heavy European beaux-arts influence on American architectural design. The many different styles which made New York iconic and distinctive and which was an icon of the west can mostly be originated from elsewhere. The ‘iconic’ west was also seen as a yardstick and ideal for modernity in many different cities. This was the case in Brazil where local narratives about the ambition to become modern were inextricably bound up with the framing as coming from outside. Cities using other ideas demonstrates the interconnectability of modernity and despite differences in values, a heavyweight type of modernity may be favoured. This is also normally the primary view of elites such as decision makers, businessperson and generally those with authority as ‘the importation of modern styles from other places in Brazil (London, Paris, and Buenos Aires) was as a source of delight and a marker of achievement of the elite’. Although this may have exterior motives such as attracting visitors, tourists and workers that will directly and indirectly help an economy. Although this is a two-way relationship as ‘Latin America also had considerable impact on Europe in terms of the development of the competing modern architecture of the international style’. This shows that modernity is also subject to constant changes and is no t dependent on any country but rather a wide range. The definition as to what is recognized as a modern city is challenged. Some writers have suggested that the urban West with its institutions, buildings and entertainment is the ideal and anything which doesn’t share characteristics of a similar nature is seen as ’primitive’ and ‘backward’ and in needed of reformation. Current meanings of the term modern have been largely defined by early twentieth-century Western scholars. To be crude, modernity could be understood as simply the Wests self-characterisation of itself in opposition to others and elsewheres that are imagined to be not modern, an opposition that was strongly reinforced through the mundane practices of colonisation (King 2004: 71). Although in recent urban studies, the consensus points towards the notion that Modernity is complex and encompassing of a variety of contemporary cities. Cities are places where a collection of people assemble and engage in economic and social relations in man y different ways and links which leads to unique cultural meaning developing. ‘Cities everywhere perform this function of facilitating circulation, assemblage and interaction of enabling diverse forms of modernity to be imagined and practised’. For the supposed idea of western modernity to exist, it has to be counter posed with other societies that are deemed backward and more traditional. As ‘The city has performed an important function in theorising modernity: it has coalesced and helped to make visible a certain range of self-descriptions for the West’. Park 1967: 33) ‘To the city then, rationality, thought, distanciated social relations; to the ‘primitive, intimacy, feeling, sentiment, instinct and the absence of reason’. However, the key argument is that cities, which contrast this perspective, still have aspects of ‘modernity’ as they are constantly changing and becoming different in varieties of ways. The relationship between cities and modernity in the future is unlikely to remain constant. With the population of urban cities expected to double by 2030, increasing by an extra 2 billion inhabitants, structural changes are of great importance. Subsequently policy makers and practitioners are focusing on much stronger development interventions without increasing inequality. This could have an impact on modernity as cities now have increased funds and resources that are much more aligned to specific needs to compete. Secondly, with globalisation growing in importance day by day, modernity has become even more important. The world is becoming urban and cities are becoming integrated into globalisation, which means that it is vital that cities are to the needs of various stakeholders that are interested. For instance, globalisation has led to city management strategies focusing on efficiency and effectiveness to encourage inward investment from transnational companies, bilateral and mu ltilateral aid agencies as well as individuals. In addition, business clusters are becoming of increased importance, as proximity is valued highly so again these are focused on in City Development Strategies (CDS). Thirdly, the primitive is becoming more embodied into ideas of modernity because despite great scientific strides, tradition is becoming increasingly emphasised. It is vital that a variety of modernities can co-exist in a harmonising way and not necessarily contrary to each other. To conclude modernity is an ongoing process where anyone and everyone can be in. A city can still in its realms despite being completely abstracts to another city in ‘modernity’. A limited scope in terms of perception of it denotes that cities are all ordinary. They diverse, dynamic and complex arenas of political, social and economic life. Cities are also developing constantly due to economic developments that helps to develop modernity and change; despite limitations various schemes and initiatives are really making significant changes to development and modernity. The borrowed aspects of modernity from other nations also supports this idea, modernity is dynamic and cities all rely on each other for inspiration. The future is also uncertain, with many changes occurring, modernity may be heightened tremendously, with cities possibly becoming places of unique, distinct and pleasant realms.