Sikh Gurus, Sacred Scripture, Sacred Institutions Research Paper

Sikh Gurus, Sacred Scripture, Sacred Institutions - Research Paper Example All Sikhs are profoundly associated with the Guru Granth, and it is viewed as the Guru, and in this manner to be the quick disclosure and indication of God (Mann 41). How sacred text turned into the Guru and how every Guru took an interest in sacred writing, and the foundations that came about because of this procedure, is an intriguing story. The manner in which God addressed the Sikhs was through their Gurus. The Gurus composed tunes and recitations of commitment and petition, in wonderful structure, and these were given to ensuing Gurus of the ancestry. The Guru Granth is included the assortment of verse and tunes, dating right back to the regarded Guru Nanak, the primary Guru of the Sikhs (Mann). The sacred writing is a functioning piece of day by day living, for the Sikhs, and is the middle for soul changing experiences in Sikh family festivities (Mann 42) Guru Nanak showed a liberator way of freedom from the pattern of resurrection, in light of the modest and blissful veneratio n of God. God was cosmos and microcosm, and couldn't be completely known nor controlled, yet may uninhibitedly offer his beauty. Master Nanak, seeing the otherworldly, sang verse to God: I would even now not have the option to gauge your enormity, nor mean the greatness of your name. Another model is: To you have a place my breath, to you my substance. You the True One are my Beloved (Singh 34). Master Nanak’s 500 reverential tunes (Mann 44) address the issue of Indian society’s brokenness and discontinuity into the numerous bits of standing, class, religion, language, social structure and social ideal models (Muthumohan 8). In the 1500’s, the Punjab was administered by Muslims, utilizing the Q’uran, and society likewise affected by Brahman ministers who avoided ladies and all lower standings from a significant part of the strict love understanding, and who kept an oral convention of sacred text, with the goal that openness was controlled (Mann 43). The J ains reacted to India’s discontinuity by respecting variety. Vedanta decreased everything into OM, outside of which everything else is fantasy. Buddhism developed relationality. Sikh melodic dedication intercedes between the difficulty of one and numerous through â€Å"musical establishing and development of consent† (Muthumohan 8). Music is a liquid signifier, to Guru Nanak’s perspective, and extremely not at all like the inflexible divinity signifiers of different strict methodologies, which made division, not solidarity (Muthumohan 8). Master Nanak’s God is anonymous, undefined and everlasting, can't be exactly known, so this God doesn't separate into resolute social and philosophical portions, yet joins what is broken. The comprehensiveness of God was reflected in the lessons and practice of position and sex correspondence (Grewel 15). This perspective on correspondence is reflected now in the manner each Sikh, regardless of standing, class, sexual or ientation, age, or status is similarly free to deal with the Guru Granth, to understand it and hear it out and sing it and react to it (Mann 44). There is no minister in control however every individual can get to the sacred text, and along these lines God, straightforwardly. This perspective on correspondence is reflected in Guru Nanak’s establishment of congregational love. He sat with his devotees, who were not recognized from one another practically speaking, and sang gestures of recognition to God together, simultaneously, in a similar spot, with a similar status, all sharing for all intents and purpose their dedication to the Guru. This got known as â€Å"

Why Grammar Is Important

Clearly relatively few individuals acknowledge how significant sentence structure is. There are such a significant number of contractions thus much slang these days, it is difficult to realize what individuals mean. I can’t even tally how frequently I have needed to call somebody to ask them what they were discussing in an instant message since they didn’t utilize right accentuation and language structure. I never paid consideration that a lot to language structure or accentuation either when I was in basic and center school. In any case, since the time I have gotten to secondary school, I have become a punctuation Nazi.Which carries me to this end, kids are being taught enough to be employed for a vocation, they simply decide not to focus in class. Presently I realize that my decision sounds terrible, so let me expand. Occupations ought not be so basic on who they decide to recruit; particularly when it is something as trivial as getting â€Å"to† and â€Å"too † stirred up. It relies upon the activity however what sort of English training they ought to have. On the off chance that work doesn't require a lot of composing, why does it matter? Except if you are utilizing things like â€Å"YOLO† or â€Å"LOL† on your resume, at that point there is no problem.If an occupation requires great English, at that point indeed, I can see the issue. I should concede, notwithstanding, that I have heard a few servers and clerks utilize some odd sentence structure. It makes you mull over the stuff to find a new line of work in today’s time. I comprehend that homophones can be befuddling. Consider it, â€Å"here† and â€Å"hear†, â€Å"they’re†, â€Å"their†, and â€Å"there†. Is it just me, or do others understand that it isn't that difficult to understand the distinctions? As I stated, I have become a total punctuation Nazi, I HATE seeing things like that. I went to there house and the y’re hound bit me. † No, you went to their home and their canine piece you. I swear, it seems as though individuals commit these harebrained errors deliberately. Something different that very few individuals know, sentence structure spares lives†¦ Moreover, faces. Take for example an announcement like this: â€Å"Lets it Grandma! † It ought to be, â€Å"Let’s eat, Grandma! † It is stunning how one basic comma can spare a dear old woman’s life. â€Å"Woman without her man is nothing. † Pardon me? Progressively like, â€Å"Woman: Without her, man is nothing. † That is better.Also, a touch of guidance for those attempting to sound amazing when they state, †I could mind less,† it’s, †I couldn’t care less. † By saying that you could mind less is inferring that you do really mind. As should be obvious, language has a tremendous effect of our lives. It additionally is the premise of the distin ction between what you need individuals to think you mean, and what they think you mean. So make life simple on everybody, utilize right language structure and spelling. Quit clubbing infant seals. Or then again, quit clubbing, child seals. Keep in mind, language spares lives.

Effects of Plagiarism on Inspiration and Creativity

Effects of Plagiarism on Inspiration and Creativity Effects of Plagiarism on Inspiration and Creativity Effects of Plagiarism on Inspiration and Creativity In today’s creative industries as well as the world of academia, plagiarism has become an alarmingly recurrent issue. Artists, musicians, writers, and photographers constantly compete across the Internet and blogosphere, where ideas and creative copyright pop up on a daily basis only to be ‘used’ (in a very liberal sense) as inspiration before carbon copies emerge as original ideas. Intellectual copyright infringement occurs within large corporations as well. It is not uncommon for up-and-coming businesses or opportunistic companies on budgetary restrictions to seize upon creative input from designers, animators, or artists, and leverage their substantial resources against ethical complaints and lawsuits to defend their position of discovered. While everything has been done to some extent and in some form before â€" true originality is a hotly debated concept â€" plagiarism has many ill effects on inspiration, creative output, and aptitude. Academics have increasingly found that students are willing to lift paragraphs or even pages from other sources, or have their own assignments completed for them by other writers. Although the digital age allows us to utilize plagiarism detection services such as Turnitin.com and Safe Assign, the use of such sites create various issues of intellectual property. Once a paper is uploaded, it becomes part of a large database consulted for future plagiarism cases, and is then utilized as another form of copyright â€" which goes against the Conference on College Composition and Communication, leading to a widespread debate on the ethics of using such a system. Plagiarism can also cause a multitude of effects on one’s inspiration and creative expression. Stealing intellectual property results in decreased motivation on part of the plagiarist to produce original material, while the plagiarized party is robbed of rightful credit, exposure, and profit for their work. Due to lack of personal motivation and interest on part of the plagiarist, their own creative expression or ability to develop creative material may wane as well. Without mastering the appropriate abilities and skills to perform research, writing, design, or artistic creation, a plagiarist is unable to continually hone their mind in relation to their chosen field, often displaying a reduced capacity for ingenuity and creative thinking. At Homework Help Canada, we offer a variety of helpful techniques to improve creative and academic work. From individual custom essay writing sessions to strategies for case studies and term papers, our experts are committed to acknowledging authorship and individual creative input when it comes to the production of intellectual material. Don’t fall back on ‘copy and paste’ â€" get in touch with us today! References: An Ethical Dilemma: Talking About Plagiarism and Academic Integrity in the Digital Age. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1 2015 from EJ1006EthicalFINAL.pdf. Effects of Plagiarism on Inspiration and Creativity Effects of Plagiarism on Inspiration and Creativity Effects of Plagiarism on Inspiration and Creativity In today’s creative industries as well as the world of academia, plagiarism has become an alarmingly recurrent issue. Artists, musicians, writers, and photographers constantly compete across the Internet and blogosphere, where ideas and creative copyright pop up on a daily basis only to be ‘used’ (in a very liberal sense) as inspiration before carbon copies emerge as original ideas. Intellectual copyright infringement occurs within large corporations as well. It is not uncommon for up-and-coming businesses or opportunistic companies on budgetary restrictions to seize upon creative input from designers, animators, or artists, and leverage their substantial resources against ethical complaints and lawsuits to defend their position of discovered. While everything has been done to some extent and in some form before â€" true originality is a hotly debated concept â€" plagiarism has many ill effects on inspiration, creative output, and aptitude. Academics have increasingly found that students are willing to lift paragraphs or even pages from other sources, or have their own assignments completed for them by other writers. Although the digital age allows us to utilize plagiarism detection services such as Turnitin.com and Safe Assign, the use of such sites create various issues of intellectual property. Once a paper is uploaded, it becomes part of a large database consulted for future plagiarism cases, and is then utilized as another form of copyright â€" which goes against the Conference on College Composition and Communication, leading to a widespread debate on the ethics of using such a system. Plagiarism can also cause a multitude of effects on one’s inspiration and creative expression. Stealing intellectual property results in decreased motivation on part of the plagiarist to produce original material, while the plagiarized party is robbed of rightful credit, exposure, and profit for their work. Due to lack of personal motivation and interest on part of the plagiarist, their own creative expression or ability to develop creative material may wane as well. Without mastering the appropriate abilities and skills to perform research, writing, design, or artistic creation, a plagiarist is unable to continually hone their mind in relation to their chosen field, often displaying a reduced capacity for ingenuity and creative thinking. At Homework Help USA, we offer a variety of helpful techniques to improve creative and academic work. From individual custom essay writing sessions to strategies for case studies and term papers, our experts are committed to acknowledging authorship and individual creative input when it comes to the production of intellectual material. Don’t fall back on ‘copy and paste’ â€" get in touch with us today! References: An Ethical Dilemma: Talking About Plagiarism and Academic Integrity in the Digital Age. (n.d.). Retrieved September 1 2015 from EJ1006EthicalFINAL.pdf.

The Most Important Thing You Know About Me - 849 Words

The most important thing you need to know about me is that I am very family-oriented. My family means everything to me. I am a stay-at-home mother of three children, two boys and a girl who are seven, three, and two respectively. My husband, a firefighter in Mobile, and I have been married for over four years. Going back to school was a huge decision to make; but, I wanted to better myself for my family. I have always wanted to work in the medical field, so choosing a degree in nursing was easy. I graduated from Baker High School in 2006, then I attended the University of South Alabama for two semesters, and then I decided to take a break to focus on my family. After my first son was born, I stayed home with him for a year, then I went to work as a preschool teacher. I love working with children, so my goal is to work in the labor and delivery department as a Registered Nurse or work in the nursery with the newborn babies. After I finish my Associate’s Degree in Nursing, I pla n on going back to school to get my Bachelor’s Degree and then, eventually, my Master’s Degree in Nursing. I love reading fiction more than any other kind of book. I have read all of the Twilight and Hunger Games books and I am currently reading the Divergent series. I have also read other books, like The Notebook and The Giver among many other fiction books. One of my most favorite books is To Kill a Mockingbird. I have also enjoyed some non-fiction like The Diary of Anne Frank. I like readingShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Three Most Important Things You Learned This Fall?954 Words   |  4 Pages1. What are the three most important things you learned this Fall? The three most important things I learned this Fall are be familiar with the campus environment, joining the campus actives, knowing the rules about the OU plagiarism. Those three things helped me to know about the college I am studying in, and helped me to be prepared for the future studying on main campus. Finding locations on main is an important activity, I learned how to us the OU map and be familiar with the campus environmentsRead MoreSelf-Analysis: Everyone is Unique1563 Words   |  6 Pagesthe same, and does not comprehend things the same. We all have our own values and morals that we abide by. Whether anyone knows it or not but we all have our own philosophy. A philosophy is basically your own knowledge and concept meaning of life. I have developed my own philosophy throughout life. My philosophy would be it is okay to dream, but somehow make your dreams into reality. Life is short so live your life to the fullest. No one knows you better than you know yourself. What goes around comesRead MoreFriends Can Challenge Us And Confuse Us Essay828 Words   |  4 Pagesacquaintances to be their friends, but do they know the definition of a friend? 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New Questions About Top 100 Argumentative Essay Topics Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report

New Questions About Top 100 Argumentative Essay Topics Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report The variety of body paragraphs depends upon the sort of argument you need to introduce. Providing the thesis statement in the very first paragraph provides the audience a good background about what things to expect as they read the remainder of the essay. The structure of your paper's outline is just like the structure of your whole essay. The topic chosen for the purpose should be attractive in the view of many readers. The most frequently encountered paper writing service that the bulk of our clients require is essay writing. The perfect way to engage the reader from the very first few lines is to bring a hook sentence. You will need to see that different folks have various points of view regarding the identical topic, so be patient. Essentially anything that has to be understood before reading the remainder of the essay is background info, and ought to be included in the introduction. An argumentative essay is a sort of essay that presents arguments about either side of a problem. Every argumentative essay ought to be based on a topic that may be debated. Writing an argumentative essay can occasionally be confusing since you don't necessarily understand how to compose a convincing argument. It is crucial to remember an argumentative essay and an expository essay might be similar, but they vary greatly concerning the sum of pre-writing and research involved. Winning an argument is not simple. Before concluding the essay, it is crucial to summarise with a strong emphasis on the subject. You might also see concept essays. Whether it's an argumentative or expository essay which you're writing, it is vital to develop a clear thesis statement and a crystal clear sound reasoning. To write a superb argumentative essay, there are four big elements of the essay you're likely to have to know about. You're going to write one of the main essays of your life. You can also see essay examples. In order to supply an in-depth understanding about the argumentative essay, it is advisable to examine some of the greatest examples of argumentative essay. You must get over the simple fact which you didn't need to become pregnant, because no little one deserves to go through life feeling like they're a burden or a mistake. Nobody should be having children to satisfy their very own personal desires. More than their part in the financial crisis, the wage packets received by the very best folks in an organisation attracted a great deal of media attention. The War Against Top 100 Argumentative Essay Topics An excellent persuasive argument will use the latest data and data from verified sources. The question isn't about whether they need to donate. If you've already grad uated from college or university and are looking for an excellent job, you want to get a persuasive resume to impress your future employer. An argumentative essay example will reveal the should possess some crucial components which make it better in the practice of convincing. Finding the Best Top 100 Argumentative Essay Topics You need to prove that you have seriously considered the many sides of the problem and that you're not what attacking or caricaturing your opponents. You first have to choose a good topic with an argument, credible information to strengthen your viewpoint, a good stance on your side, and a great counter-argument to assist you sound less biased. As an example, each point needs to be developed thoroughly, and there ought to be a good introduction and conclusion. Emphasize your position is the very best by summarizing the principal points of your argument. If you discover that the writer did not provide precisely what you expected, request a revision, a nd we'll make the corrections. It is very important to check reviews about essay writing services in order to be confident they can deliver your task before the deadline. It isn't a must, but should you care about your topic, it is going to be resembled in your writing. Somebody works part-time and doesn't have sufficient time to do each of the assignments. There are just a few things that define whether an essay you're working on is going to be a good one. Before you turn in your assignment, you are going to want to appear over it one final moment. The first thing you're likely to have to do is to pick a topic that has more than one clear side. When selecting a topic make sure you like it, as you should devote days or even weeks on it, so it's important to stay motivated regarding the matter you discuss.

Chinese Civil Service Examination Free Essays

The Imperial Examination System in Ancient China Abstract: Imperial examination in ancient China was developing based on the nine-rank system. From Sui and Tang dynasties to Guangxu year, Qing dynasty, it took more than 1300 years to evolve. The Imperial Examination is officially called Keju Examination in China, which was an important part of education system of feudal society in ancient China. We will write a custom essay sample on Chinese Civil Service Examination or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the mean time, it was a kind of officer-selecting system as well. It played a significant role in cultivating, selecting, and making use of talents. Modern examination system also takes example by the imperial examinations in ancient China. So we should attach importance to researching and studying it due to its enlightenment to the innovation of education system. Have you ever wondered why there is an examination this kind of stuff which makes students â€Å"suffer† a lot and how it comes about? What is its origin? And how did it develop? Actually, China has a long history in examination system. So, I will talk about the imperial examination system in China which has a far-reaching impact to other Asian countries. The establishment of the nine-rank system A certain system cannot be created without foundation and time, it must have an origin, and before the establishment of the system, there must have been a predecessor originating gradually† ——Ch’ ien Mu? Imperial examination did not arise suddenly. Before the imperial examination was created, the nine-rank system was considered to be the precur sor of it. According to Ci Hai dictionary, the explanation of the word â€Å"nine-rank system†: At the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Cao Cao was in power, he advocated â€Å"Wei Cai Shi Ju†, which means everyone has an opportunity to be an official as long as he is outstanding enough. In the year 220, Cao Pi adopted Ministry of Personnel, Chen Qun’s suggestion that every prefecture could elect a reputable man to be the â€Å"Zhongzheng† (a kind of official), and the government classified them as nine ranks according to their capability. Cao Pi maintained Cao Cao’s principle that pedigree will not be the prerequisite. According to baike. baidu. com, at the beginning when nine-rank system was established, the criterion for estimating candidates was focused on extraction, morality, and ability. However, with the development of nine-rank system, extraction became the prerequisite, event the sole touchstone. When it came to Western Jin Dynasty, there had been a situation that first-class positions only admitted aristocrats and inferior-class positions only admitted people who didn’t have eminent background. Until the Northern Dynasty, national minority was in charge of the government. So the nine-rank system couldn’t efficiently work as before and became formalistic. Finally, it was abolished because of the lapse of aristocrats by Sui Dynasty. The establishment of Keju System (The Imperial Examination System) Sui Dynasty: In 589, Sui Wendi (the emperor) set up two subjects of Xiu Cai and Ming Jing. In 606, Sui Yangdi (the next emperor) started to add another subject of Jin Shi. Therefore, it became the mark of the establishment of Keju System. Tang Dynasty: Tang Dynasty carried forward the system from Sui Dynasty practicing Keju System which used the subject of Jin Shi as the dominative way to select dedicates to upper level. Those who hoped to be the officials of the bureaucracy should compete in the Jin Shi exams, which tested their knowledge about the Five Confucian Classics. They are: Title (English)| Title (Chinese)| Brief Description| Classic of Poetry| A collection of 305 poems divided into 160 folk songs, 105 festal songs sung at court ceremonies, and 40 hymns and eulogies sung at sacrifices to gods and ancestral spirits of the royal house. | Book of Documents| | A collection of documents and speeches alleged to have been written by rulers and officials of the early Zhou period and before. It is possibly the oldest Chinese narrative, and may date from the 6th century BC. It includes examples of early Chinese prose. | Book of Rites| | Describes ancient rites, social forms and court ceremonies. The version studied today is a re-worked version compiled by scholars in the third century BC rather than the original text, which is said to have been edited by Confucius himself. | Classic of Changes| | Also known as  I Ching  or  Book of Changes. The book contains a  divination  system comparable to Western  geomancy  or the West African system. In  Western  cultures and modern East Asia, it is still widely used for this purpose. | Spring and Autumn Annals| | Also known as  Lin Jing  ( ), a historical record of the state of Lu, Confucius’s native state, 722–481 BC, compiled by himself, with mplied condemnation of usurpations, murder, incest, etc. | Graph from Wikipedia.? By the end of Tang Dynasty, the old aristocracy had been supplanted by the scholar-gentry. Song Dynasty: during the Song Dynasty, there were several reformations and the Keju System became more and more mature and consummate. It had reached its summit. The government expanded admission quota and established Provincial Examination, Metropolitan Examination, and Final Imperial Examination. Those exams would be hold triennially. Song Dynasty changed the situation that merchant were discriminated in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Thanks to this policy, many people who were born miserably could have a fair access to higher level of bureaucracy. Ming and Qing Dynasty: The Imperial Examination System reached its final form under Ming Dynasty, and was adopted almost intact by the succeeding Qing dynasty. Metropolitan Examination was holding every three years in Jing Cheng (Beijing), and officials were rotated every three years in order to prevent them from building up a power base. The admission criterion was divided into three levels. The top level included three quotas: Zhuang Yuan, Bang Yan, and Tan Hua. The other levels would enroll several examinees. The subject matter of the examinations was about the Four Books and Five Confucian Classics. The form for an examination paper became the stylized â€Å"eight-legged essay† (Ba Gu Wen), which had eight main headings, used 700 characters or less, and dealt with topics according to a certain set manner. According to www. Newworldencyclopedia. org. ? By 1370, the examinations lasted between 24 and 72 hours, and were conducted in spare, isolated examination rooms; sometimes, however, it was held in cubicles. The small rooms featured two boards which could be placed together to form a bed, or placed on different levels to serve as a desk and chair. In order to obtain objectivity in evaluation, candidates were identified by number rather than name, and examination answers were recopied by a third person before being evaluated to prevent the candidate’s handwriting from being recognized. The examinations were often criticized because the ability to do well on the examination did not necessarily reflect the ability to govern well, and because they gave precedence to style over content and originality of thought. The exam system was abolished in 1905. The rulers realized that in order for the country to survive in the 20th century, they had to abandon the Confucian-classics-based education system, and adopt a Western-type, science-and-technology-based system. How many types of degrees could people get? What were the sorts of those degrees? The sort of degrees can reflect the completeness of Chinese Imperial Examination System. Types of Degree Level 1: District Level First you had to pass the district level exam. There was no degree at this level. The people who passed the district level exam would have the title of Tong Sheng( ). Then you have the qualification to take the prefectural level exam. Level 2a: Prefectural Level People who pass the prefectural level exam achieved Sheng Yuan( ) degree. The exam was held two times every three years at the capital of the local prefecture. The most outstanding Sheng Yuan could directly be given the Gong Sheng( ) degree. Level 2b With time going on, the government became corrupt and allowed people to buy a Jian Sheng( ) degree. Wealthy people who were too lazy to study or who failed the prefectural level exam bought these degrees to improve their social status. These Jian Sheng had the same qualification to take next level examination. Level 3: Provincial Level People who passed the provincial level exam were awarded the Ju Ren( ) degree. The exam was held at the provincial capital every three years. Very few of the population had this degree. These people where considered upper gentry. Level 4: Metropolitan Level People who passed the metropolitan level exam were awarded the Gong Sheng( )degree. Soon after passing the metropolitan test, the candidate would take the Palace Examination and be conferred the Jin Shi( ) degree. The exam was given at Beijing once every three years. What kind of influence does it have? Is it beneficial or detrimental for the social development? The Imperial Examination System was more like a double-edged sword, since it brings the uniformity to the country but reluctance to innovate and change. The advantageous and disadvantageous influence Positive impact * Keju System facilitates traditional Confucian culture popularized and made the society generate a lively, critical, academic environment. From Song dynasty, no matter how humbly the examinees were, they had the equal opportunity to enter a high position in government as other aristocrats had. So this system not only expanded the scope of selecting talents, but also played an important part in maintaining the stability of society. During Ming and Qing dynasty, about half of Jin Shi was born in p oor families. * The strict system provided impartial chances to commoners so that government had a good reputation at that time. * As the country who invented examination system, China has been known by other countries in the world. The Keju System is regarded as a cornerstone of other exam patterns. It has a far-reaching impact to East Asia and Western world. From 8th to 10th century, Japan had imitated the Keju System, and so as Korea and Vietnam. In 1855, the civil official examination system was officially established in Britain. â€Å"It is widely acknowledged by Western scholars today that China’s imperial examination system exerted direct influence on the modern civil service examination system in the West,† said Li Shiyu, a guest-visitor to the exhibition and researcher with the Institute of History under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.? Negative impact  · Keju system didn’t radically solve the problem that public officials appointed people by favouritism. With strengthen of centralization of authority, Keju System was gradually controlled by monarch or high-level officials. And the number of enrollees was not enough at all so that people who had relationships with officials could easily slip through and pass the examination. * Keju system cannot help enhance administrative efficiency in its original sense. Because of the complicated bureaucracy set, people who passed the examinations could not adapt the complicacy and put knowledge into practice. It caused people to have a rigescent thought. Most people took the Keju examination just in order to change their family financial condition instead to change the decayed political condition. What they learned could not match the reality well and help a lot so that executive system verged to conservative and closed. With time going on, China gradually lost many cha nces to innovate. * Many multitudes gave up their jobs, many young males lay their farm land wasted so that they could have plenty of time to prepare for the examinations. To some extent, the crop yield took a hit because of a large number of strong adults wanted to be an official instead of a farmer. Purpose of Imperial Examination System In ancient China, most people lived at the bottom of the society, the only way they could change their destiny was to take Imperial Exams. Since the process of studying for the examination was time-consuming, most male adults had to do farming work during the daytime, but those wealthy land-owning gentries could have plenty of spare time to study. So they became the main candidates for high-ranking government officials. The examination system distributed its prizes according to provincial and prefectural quotas, which meant that imperial officials were recruited from the whole country, in numbers roughly proportional to each province’s population. Elite individuals all over China, even in the disadvantaged peripheral regions, had a chance at succeeding in the examinations and achieving the rewards of holding office. In earlier period, it was a fair method for commoners to change their social status, however, under some late dynasties the imperial bureaucracy became corrupt, examinations were abolished and official posts were either sold or given as rewards. At these times, the public morale diminished, and some type of reform was often introduced to restore traditional Confucian values in the government. The uniformity of the content of the examinations helped maintain the basic cultural values. Even only few people could pass the exam and finally get title, the preparation for and the hope of eventual success on a subsequent examination sustained the interest of those who took them. Those who failed to pass—most of the andidates at any single examination did not lose wealth or local social standing; as dedicated believers in Confucian orthodoxy, they served, without the benefit of state appointments, as teachers, patrons of the arts, and managers of local projects, such as irrigation works, schools, or charitable foundations. With the Imperial examination, the society was in a dense academic atmosphere. After Qing Dynasty collapsed, what is the examination system like? What is its difference or similarity between Western countri es and China? The Examination System After 1912 After 1912, soon the Chinese revolutionary league was established. It was led by Sun Zhongshan( considered as the Father of Republic of China). Sun had been studied abroad in Japan and had a very progressive thought. He adopted a lot of excellent western ideas and devoted himself to reform and innovation. Not only in political and economic aspects, but also in education. He zealously sparkplugs western-style education system. A lot of public schools were built. Ordinary people could afford their children to get education. It was a good start in New China. Today, Chinese Communists studying capitalist civil service systems have been making a similar point. Deng Xiaoping has said, in reference to economic reforms, â€Å"It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice. † The current Chinese civil service reform (CSR) is an adjunct to the economic reforms begun in 1978. Regional and city governments, as well as a few national ministries, began experimenting with Western civil service techniques (particularly the use of examinations for selection). With the improvement of the education system, the quality of common people is also promoted. With United Nations’ help (United Nations Development Program, 1987, 1989), the Chinese have been bringing foreign personnel experts to China and sending Chinese administrators abroad to study Western personnel technology. Although they are studying foreign systems, in the end, they insist that they will adopt a system with distinct â€Å"Chinese characteristics. † If I have more time, I would like explore the western countries’ comments on Chinese civil examination and advises; the problems that current Chinese education system has and methods to solve it; the education system in capitalist countries and make a comparison. Work cited: ? Chi’en Mu. Zhong Guo Zheng Zhi Li Dai De Shi. Sheng Huo ·Du Shu ·Xin Zhi San Lian Bookstore Press. 2005. ISBN: 9787108015280 ? http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics ? http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/Imperial_Examinations_(Keju) ? Ancient Imperial Exams with Modern Relevance, China. org. cn. Retrieved on August 24, 2007. ? Monique Nagel-Angermann. 2012, Exam time. Calliope, 22, 24-27. ProQuest Research Library. 27 Oct. 2012. ? Miyazaki, Ichisada. China’s Examination Hell: The Civil Service Examinations of Imperial China. [1976] reprint 1981. 18 Nov. 2012 ? http://www. kwanfamily. info. Web. 21 Nov, 2012. Site creation date July 6, 2002. ? Nagel-Angermann, Monique. â€Å"Exam Time. † Calliope 2012: 24-7. ProQuest Research Library. 22 Nov. 2012. ? Aufrecht, Steven E. , and Li Siu Bun. â€Å"Reform with Chinese Characteristics: The Context of Chinese Civil Service Reform. † Public administration review 55. 2 (1995): 175-. ABI/INFORM Complete; ProQuest Research Library. 27 Nov. 2012 . How to cite Chinese Civil Service Examination, Essay examples

To what extent was Hitler a weak dictator Research Paper Example

To what extent was Hitler a weak dictator Paper For many reasons Hitler could be described as weak dictator because he failed to control all aspects of the NSDAP effectively largely down to his lazy attitude. This is a view put forward by the structuralist school of thought. However, there is also evidence from intentionalist school of thought that all the major decisions came about from Hitlers decision, such as the outbreak of war in 1939, the Night of the Long Knives in 1934 and the final solution in 1941. Therefore, Hitler could be seen as a very strong and effective dictator. Therefore, both sides of the argument have to be analysed to discover the strength of his dictatorship. In the Nazi state, Hitler made all laws. His power was unlimited and was granted the position of Fuehrer for life. He was the Commander-In-Chief of the armed forces, leader of the Government and Head of State. This was known as Fuehrer power. The Hitler myth was created by Goebbels and Hitler was seen as political genius who had been destined to be great since birth. The German people became devoted to him and even during the lowest points of the war Hitler had the vast support of the German public, which highlights his power. The party was organised around Hitler as a pyramid, with Hitler at the top of the Nazi hierarchy, followed by 36 Gauleiters or district leaders including high-ranking Nazis such as Hermann Goring and Joseph Goebbels. All laws came from either Hitler signing the decree or from Hitlers orders and he had the final say in any dispute. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was Hitler a weak dictator specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was Hitler a weak dictator specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was Hitler a weak dictator specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Similarly all the major decisions came about from Hitlers decision, such as the outbreak of war in 1939, the Night of the Long Knives in 1934 and the Final Solution in 1941, therefore, suggesting that Hitler was a strong dictator. However, it is unconceivable that one man could be in charge of the entire government like Fuehrer power suggests. This meant that Hitler had to rely heavily on other leading Nazis such as Goering, Goebbels and Himmler. In recent years, historians have begun to see a different image of Hitler, compared to the view of Hitler in Nazi Germany. One historian wrote Hitler was unwilling to take decisions, frequently uncertain, exclusively concerned with upholding his prestige and personal authority, influenced in the strongest fashion by his current entourage, in some respects a weak dictator. These structuralists believe that Hitler forsook everyday government business for an indolent life instead paying little attention to the running of the country. He hated committees and gradually removed the government cabinets. These were the traditional methods of running the country. In 1933, the cabinet met 72 times, while in 1935 just 12 times and it was removed by 1938. Rather than concentrating on the problems the party faced, Hitler would immerse himself in pet projects such as architecture. Albert Speer, who redesigned much of Berlin in the Nazi regime described how adjutants often asked me: please dont show any plans today', depicting this latest view of Hitler. This idleness gives an insight into why the Nazi government was so disorganised. Decisions throughout the party were all attributed to the will of the fuehrer and were made by Nazi officials following Hitler around and picking up on his rambling. At every level of the party there was rivalry for power and many were doing the same job as each other. Even at the very top of the hierarchy the four main Nazis behind Hitler Goering, Goebbels, Roehm and Himmler had an intense rivalry for power each trying to out do each other to increase their power. An example of this is Himmler and Goering plotting to remove Ernst Roehm from power leading up to the Night of the Long Knives, by complying a file claiming Roehm was be paid by the French to remove Hitler. Another example is that Goebbels inspired Krystalnacht. However, despite this heated competition, Hitler managed to hold the party together adding weight to the intentionalist claim that Hitler was a strong dictator, although it could be argued that it was a weakness that allowed the personal empires to grow, possibly threatening his position, for example Roehm before the Night of the Long Knives. The battle for power could also be attributed to Hitlers desire for Social Darwinism throughout the party so it would always be strong. Hitler believed that things would sort themselves out without interference and this can be seen in his policy with conquered countries during the war. Rather than tell Nazis in the respective countries how they should run the country, he just told them that in ten years time, the country must be Nazified, again showing that Hitlers running of the government was largely haphazard indicating his weakness as a dictator. The Night of the Long Knives is a good example of how Hitler was a strong dictator. The Night of the Long Knives was a very successful and efficient way of removing the enemies of the party, organised by Hitler. In that single night, Hitler managed to remove all power from a potential rival to his power the SA, who had been causing trouble threatening Hitlers support from the established German society and Ernst Rohm who was encouraging a second revolution. It also gained the support of the army, which would be vital for the establishment of a totalitarian state and future foreign policy and expansion. However, this event also shows Hitlers failing as a dictator. That fact that Hitler allowed the SA to get out of hand shows that he was a very ineffective dictator. It can also be said that Hitler had very little to do with the Night of the Long Knives. Going and Goebbels organised the attack by complying a dossier on Rohm and persuaded Hitler to act against his long time friend. Various sources suggest that Hitler was in fact reluctant to act. The intentionalist view of Hitler could also be challenged. Structuralists believe the Third Reich was largely down to a nationalist movement. Therefore, it can be seen why German intentionalists would be willing to blame all the atrocities of the war on a dead leader, claiming they had to obey, absolving all blame from themselves. In the early years of the Nazi party, Hitler can be seen as a strong dictator who played a vital part in their rise to power. However, as time progressed he can be seen as indolent and heavily reliable on his inner circle of Nazis. Power seemed to rest with the individuals who chased personal power for example Himmler, who elevated himself up the party hierarchy. There are various examples of Hitler being inspired on particular products, but many sources describe that this enthusiasm was rare and for the majority of the time Hitler was very idle and the inner circle of Nazis did the work of the party. Evidence suggests that from the mid 1930s onwards, Hitler was merely a figurehead for propaganda as he was worshiped by the public and although he had unlimited power, he rarely used it.